Question 1

Which of Tinbergen’s four questions about animal behavior is best addressed by studying the scratch marks made by a migratory bird in a funnel cage under a starry sky, as shown in the first image?

Accepted Answer

What stimulus elicits the behavior, and how do the various body systems bring it about?

Question 2

In the experiment with digger wasps and pinecones (third image), what type of learning is being demonstrated when the wasp uses landmarks to locate its nest?

Accepted Answer

Spatial learning

Question 3

Which mating system is illustrated in the second image, and what is a typical characteristic of this system?

Accepted Answer

Polyandry; females are often more showy than males

Question 4

A honeybee is placed in a maze with colored and patterned chambers (fourth image). If the bee learns to associate a specific color with food, which type of learning is this?

Accepted Answer

Associative learning

Question 5

The three lizards in the fifth image represent different throat colors. According to game theory, what maintains the presence of all three types in the population?

Accepted Answer

Frequency-dependent selection

Question 6

In Drosophila larvae (sixth image), the foraging behavior is controlled by the for gene. Which allele is favored in high-density populations?

Accepted Answer

forR (Rover) allele

Question 7

Female guppies (seventh image) prefer males with more orange coloration. If a female model simulates courtship with a less orange male, what phenomenon is being demonstrated?

Accepted Answer

Mate-choice copying

Question 8

The male fiddler crab in the eighth image waves its large claw. What type of communication is this, and what is its function?

Accepted Answer

Visual communication; attracting mates

Question 9

Which equation represents Hamilton’s rule for predicting whether natural selection will favor altruism?

Accepted Answer

$$ rB \u003e C $$

Question 10

A girl risks her life to save her brother, who then fathers two children. If the probability of the girl dying is 25%, what is the cost (C) in Hamilton’s rule?

Accepted Answer

$$ C = 0.25 	imes 2 = 0.5 $$

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of a fixed action pattern?

Accepted Answer

A stickleback fish attacking any object with a red underside

Question 12

Which form of learning is most likely involved when young chimpanzees learn to crack palm nuts by watching experienced adults?

Accepted Answer

Social learning

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the waggle dance of honeybees?

Accepted Answer

A symbolic language that communicates the direction and distance to a food source

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a mode of animal communication?

Accepted Answer

Electrical

Question 15

Which statement about the optimal foraging model is correct?

Accepted Answer

It predicts that animals will balance the benefits of nutrition with the costs of obtaining food, including predation risk.

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of reciprocal altruism?

Accepted Answer

A bat shares food with another bat, expecting the favor to be returned in the future.

Question 17

Which concept explains why sterile worker honeybees labor for the queen and sacrifice their lives to defend the hive?

Accepted Answer

Inclusive fitness

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the effect of the fru gene in fruit flies?

Accepted Answer

It is a master regulatory gene controlling sex-specific development and courtship behavior.

Question 19

Which scenario best illustrates kin selection?

Accepted Answer

A female ground squirrel gives an alarm call to warn her close relatives of a predator.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about human behavior is supported by sociobiology?

Accepted Answer

Human behavior results from interaction between genes and environment.

Animal Behavior: Mechanisms, Development, Evolution, and Ecology

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