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BIO 1070 Exam 2 Study Guide – Step-by-Step Guidance for Key Concepts

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Study Guide - Smart Notes

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Q1. Describe prokaryotic organisms.

Background

Topic: Prokaryotic Cell Structure and Function

This question tests your understanding of what prokaryotes are, their basic features, and how they differ from other cell types.

Key Terms:

  • Prokaryote: An organism whose cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

  • Bacteria and Archaea: The two domains of prokaryotes.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Start by defining what a prokaryotic organism is, focusing on the absence of a nucleus.

  2. List the main domains that include prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea).

  3. Describe the basic cell features, such as cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes, and genetic material.

  4. Compare prokaryotes to eukaryotes in terms of cell structure.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q2. What are their basic cell features?

Background

Topic: Prokaryotic Cell Anatomy

This question focuses on identifying and describing the structural components of prokaryotic cells.

Key Terms:

  • Cell wall, plasma membrane, nucleoid, ribosomes, flagella, pili.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. List the main structures found in prokaryotic cells.

  2. Briefly describe the function of each structure (e.g., cell wall provides support, nucleoid contains DNA).

  3. Note which features are unique to prokaryotes compared to eukaryotes.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q3. What are their primary modes of reproduction?

Background

Topic: Prokaryotic Reproduction

This question tests your knowledge of how prokaryotes reproduce and the mechanisms involved.

Key Terms:

  • Binary fission, conjugation, transformation, transduction.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Identify the most common mode of reproduction in prokaryotes.

  2. Describe the process of binary fission step-by-step.

  3. Briefly mention other genetic exchange mechanisms (conjugation, transformation, transduction).

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q4. What is the difference between an autotroph and heterotroph?

Background

Topic: Modes of Nutrition

This question is about how organisms obtain energy and carbon, distinguishing between autotrophs and heterotrophs.

Key Terms:

  • Autotroph: Organism that produces its own food from inorganic sources (e.g., photosynthesis).

  • Heterotroph: Organism that obtains food by consuming other organisms.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Define autotroph and heterotroph.

  2. Explain the main sources of energy and carbon for each type.

  3. Give examples of prokaryotes that are autotrophs and heterotrophs.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q5. Do all prokaryotes use oxygen?

Background

Topic: Oxygen Requirements in Prokaryotes

This question tests your understanding of the diversity of metabolic strategies in prokaryotes regarding oxygen use.

Key Terms:

  • Obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Define the terms obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobe, and facultative anaerobe.

  2. Explain which prokaryotes require oxygen, which cannot tolerate it, and which can use it if available.

  3. Provide examples of each type.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q6. Why are prokaryotes important in nitrogen metabolism?

Background

Topic: Nitrogen Cycle and Prokaryotes

This question focuses on the role of prokaryotes in nitrogen fixation and cycling in ecosystems.

Key Terms:

  • Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Describe what nitrogen fixation is and why it is important.

  2. Identify which prokaryotes are involved in nitrogen metabolism.

  3. Explain how prokaryotes contribute to the nitrogen cycle in ecosystems.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q7. What is the difference between domains Archaea and Bacteria? Describe some organisms from each.

Background

Topic: Domains of Prokaryotes

This question tests your ability to distinguish between Archaea and Bacteria and provide examples.

Key Terms:

  • Archaea, Bacteria, extremophiles, pathogenic bacteria.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. List key differences in cell structure and genetics between Archaea and Bacteria.

  2. Describe typical environments for Archaea (e.g., extreme conditions).

  3. Give examples of organisms from each domain.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q8. What is the role of prokaryotes in chemical recycling?

Background

Topic: Ecosystem Functions of Prokaryotes

This question is about how prokaryotes contribute to recycling nutrients in ecosystems.

Key Terms:

  • Decomposer, biogeochemical cycles.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Explain what chemical recycling means in an ecosystem context.

  2. Describe the role of prokaryotes as decomposers.

  3. Discuss their involvement in biogeochemical cycles (carbon, nitrogen, etc.).

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q9. What is symbiosis? Mutualism? Commensalism? Parasitism?

Background

Topic: Types of Symbiotic Relationships

This question tests your understanding of different types of interactions between organisms.

Key Terms:

  • Symbiosis, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Define symbiosis and its general meaning.

  2. Describe mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism, noting the effects on each partner.

  3. Provide examples of each type involving prokaryotes.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q10. How do bacteria impact humans?

Background

Topic: Human-Bacteria Interactions

This question is about the positive and negative effects bacteria have on human health and society.

Key Terms:

  • Pathogenic, beneficial bacteria, microbiome.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. List ways bacteria can cause disease (pathogenic bacteria).

  2. Describe beneficial roles of bacteria (digestion, vitamin production).

  3. Discuss the concept of the human microbiome.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q11. How do humans use bacteria?

Background

Topic: Applications of Bacteria

This question focuses on the ways humans utilize bacteria in industry, medicine, and environmental management.

Key Terms:

  • Bioremediation, biotechnology, fermentation.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. List common uses of bacteria in food production (e.g., yogurt, cheese).

  2. Describe their role in bioremediation and environmental cleanup.

  3. Explain how bacteria are used in biotechnology and medicine.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

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