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BIO 1070 Exam 2 Study Guide: Step-by-Step Guidance for Key Concepts

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Study Guide - Smart Notes

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Q1. Describe prokaryotic organisms.

Background

Topic: Prokaryote Structure and Function

This question tests your understanding of what prokaryotes are, their basic characteristics, and how they differ from other cell types.

Key Terms:

  • Prokaryote: An organism whose cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

  • Bacteria and Archaea: The two domains of prokaryotes.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Start by defining what a prokaryotic organism is, focusing on the absence of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

  2. List the two domains that include prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea.

  3. Describe the typical cell features, such as cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes, and sometimes flagella or pili.

  4. Consider how prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes in terms of cell structure.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q2. What are their basic cell features?

Background

Topic: Prokaryotic Cell Structure

This question asks you to identify and describe the main structural components of prokaryotic cells.

Key Terms:

  • Cell wall, plasma membrane, nucleoid, ribosomes, flagella, pili, capsule

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. List the main cell features found in prokaryotes (e.g., cell wall, plasma membrane).

  2. Explain the function of each feature (e.g., cell wall provides structure and protection).

  3. Describe the nucleoid region and how it differs from a nucleus.

  4. Include any additional structures like flagella or pili and their roles.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q3. What are their primary modes of reproduction?

Background

Topic: Prokaryotic Reproduction

This question tests your knowledge of how prokaryotes reproduce and the mechanisms involved.

Key Terms:

  • Binary fission, conjugation, transformation, transduction

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Identify the most common mode of reproduction in prokaryotes (binary fission).

  2. Briefly describe the process of binary fission.

  3. List other methods of genetic exchange (conjugation, transformation, transduction) and explain their significance.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q4. What is the difference between an autotroph and heterotroph?

Background

Topic: Modes of Nutrition

This question tests your understanding of how organisms obtain energy and carbon.

Key Terms:

  • Autotroph: Organism that produces its own food from inorganic sources (e.g., photosynthesis).

  • Heterotroph: Organism that obtains food by consuming other organisms or organic matter.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Define autotroph and heterotroph.

  2. Explain the main differences in how each obtains energy and carbon.

  3. Provide examples of each type among prokaryotes.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q5. Do all prokaryotes use oxygen?

Background

Topic: Oxygen Requirements in Prokaryotes

This question tests your understanding of the diversity of metabolic strategies in prokaryotes regarding oxygen use.

Key Terms:

  • Obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. List the three main categories of prokaryotes based on oxygen requirements.

  2. Define each category and explain how they differ in their use of oxygen.

  3. Provide examples of prokaryotes in each category.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q6. Why are prokaryotes important in nitrogen metabolism?

Background

Topic: Nitrogen Cycle and Prokaryotes

This question tests your understanding of the role prokaryotes play in nitrogen fixation and cycling.

Key Terms:

  • Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Explain what nitrogen fixation is and why it is important.

  2. Describe which prokaryotes are involved in nitrogen metabolism.

  3. Discuss how prokaryotes contribute to the nitrogen cycle in ecosystems.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q7. What is the difference between domains Archaea and Bacteria? Describe some organisms from each.

Background

Topic: Prokaryotic Diversity

This question tests your understanding of the differences between Archaea and Bacteria, including examples.

Key Terms:

  • Archaea, Bacteria, extremophiles, pathogenic bacteria

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. List the main differences between Archaea and Bacteria (e.g., cell wall composition, membrane lipids).

  2. Describe unique features of Archaea (e.g., extremophiles).

  3. Provide examples of organisms from each domain.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q8. What is the role of prokaryotes in chemical recycling?

Background

Topic: Ecosystem Function

This question tests your understanding of how prokaryotes contribute to nutrient cycling in ecosystems.

Key Terms:

  • Decomposer, bioremediation, nutrient cycling

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Explain what chemical recycling means in an ecosystem context.

  2. Describe the role of prokaryotes as decomposers.

  3. Discuss examples of prokaryotes involved in bioremediation.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q9. What is symbiosis? Mutualism? Commensalism? Parasitism?

Background

Topic: Ecological Relationships

This question tests your understanding of different types of symbiotic relationships.

Key Terms:

  • Symbiosis, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Define symbiosis and its general meaning.

  2. Describe mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism, noting the effects on each organism involved.

  3. Provide examples of each type of relationship.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q10. How do bacteria impact humans?

Background

Topic: Human Health and Bacteria

This question tests your understanding of the positive and negative impacts of bacteria on humans.

Key Terms:

  • Pathogenic, beneficial bacteria, microbiome

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. List ways bacteria can be harmful (e.g., disease-causing pathogens).

  2. Describe beneficial roles of bacteria (e.g., gut microbiome, food production).

  3. Provide examples of both harmful and helpful bacteria.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q11. How do humans use bacteria?

Background

Topic: Biotechnology and Bacteria

This question tests your understanding of the applications of bacteria in human society.

Key Terms:

  • Bioremediation, fermentation, genetic engineering

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. List ways humans use bacteria in industry and medicine.

  2. Describe the role of bacteria in bioremediation and food production.

  3. Explain how bacteria are used in genetic engineering.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

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