BIO 111 Anatomy & Physiology II: Course Syllabus and Study Guide

Course Overview

BIO 111: Anatomy & Physiology II is a college-level course focusing on the structure and function of the human body, with emphasis on the senses, immunity, blood, prenatal development, and the endocrine, reproductive, cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems. Laboratory exercises complement lecture material through hands-on activities such as dissection, microscopy, and physiological experiments.

Course Objectives

• Understand the anatomy and physiology of major human body systems.

• Relate structure to function in tissues, organs, and systems.

• Apply concepts of homeostasis and integration of body systems.

• Develop laboratory skills including dissection, microscopy, and physiological measurement.

Major Topics and Subtopics

1. Special Senses (Lab Only)

• Eye: Structure and function, including vision mechanisms.

• Ear: Anatomy for hearing and equilibrium.

• Olfaction and Taste: Anatomy and physiology of smell and taste.

2. Endocrine System

• Hormones: Chemical messengers; types include steroids and peptide/protein hormones.

• Endocrine Glands: Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, parathyroid, pancreas, ovary, testes, pineal, thymus.

• Hormone Secretion: Target organs, functions, and regulation (including negative feedback).

• Neuroendocrine Regulation: Integration of nervous and endocrine systems.

• Endocrine Disruptors: Environmental chemicals affecting hormone function.

• Diseases: Diabetes mellitus and others as time allows.

3. Reproductive System

• Male and Female Anatomy & Physiology: Structure and function of reproductive organs.

• Ovarian Cycle: Hormonal regulation and phases.

• Prenatal Development: Introduction (lab only).

• Diseases: Discussion as time allows.

4. Cardiovascular System

• Heart: Structure, function, and blood flow pathway.

• Cardiac Physiology: Cardiac output, EKG, autonomic regulation.

• Blood Pressure: Measurement, control, and regulatory mechanisms (baroreceptors, hormones, kidneys).

• Blood Vessels: Histology and function of arteries, veins, capillaries.

• Major Vessels: Circle of Willis, hepatic portal system (lab only).

• Blood Flow Distribution: Changes during exercise and rest.

• Diseases: Discussion as time allows.

5. Blood

• Composition: Plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets.

• Erythrocytes: Structure-function relationship, erythropoiesis, erythropoietin, RBC breakdown, bilirubin formation.

• Blood Clotting: Platelet function and coagulation cascade.

• Blood Typing: ABO and Rh systems.

• Spleen: Structure and function.

• Leukocytes: Granulocytes vs. agranulocytes; roles in immunity.

• Immunity: Cellular and humoral mechanisms.

• Diseases: Discussion as time allows.

6. Lymph and Lymphatic Circulation

• Lymphatic Structures: Ducts, nodes, Peyer’s patches, lacteals, tonsils, appendix.

• Functions: Fluid balance, immune surveillance, fat absorption.

• Metastasis: Role of lymphatic system in cancer spread.

• Diseases: Discussion as time allows.

7. Digestive System

• Anatomy & Physiology: Structure and function of digestive organs and glands.

• Intestinal Histology: Microscopic structure of the intestine.

• Digestion: Mechanical and chemical breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, fats; enzymes and their regulation.

• Absorption: Uptake of nutrients into blood or lymph.

• Pancreas & Liver: Roles in digestion and metabolism.

• Feces: Composition and formation.

• Diseases: Discussion as time allows.

8. Respiratory System

• Functions: Gas exchange, pH regulation, vocalization.

• Respiration: External (lungs) and internal (tissues).

• Anatomy: Organs of the respiratory system.

• Histology: Trachea and lung tissue structure.

• Breathing Mechanics: Respiratory center, phrenic nerve, muscles of respiration.

• Regulation: Factors affecting respiration rate and depth.

• Acid-Base Balance: Role of lungs in maintaining pH.

• Environmental Health: Pollution and respiratory diseases.

• Diseases: Discussion as time allows.

9. Urinary System

• Functions: Waste excretion, water and electrolyte balance, pH regulation.

• Anatomy & Histology: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.

• Urine Formation: Filtration, reabsorption, secretion.

• Regulation: Hormonal and neural control of urine production.

• Acid-Base Balance: Kidney role in pH homeostasis.

• Micturition: Control of urination.

• Urinalysis: Diagnostic value of urine examination.

• Diseases: Discussion as time allows.

10. Acid-Base Balance

• Importance: Maintaining physiological pH for enzyme function and cellular processes.

• Buffers: Carbonic acid–bicarbonate system.

• Lungs: Respiratory alkalosis and acidosis.

• Kidneys: Renal compensation for acid-base disturbances.

• Metabolic Disorders: Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.

Laboratory Content

• Dissection (sheep eye, sheep heart, fetal pig, kidney)

• Microscopy (cells, tissues, organs)

• Physiological experiments (blood pressure, urinalysis, etc.)

• Study of anatomical models

• Review sheet exercises for each lab

Sample Table: Major Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones

Gland	Hormone(s)	Target Organ(s)	Main Function(s)
Pituitary (anterior)	Growth hormone (GH), ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, Prolactin	Various (bones, adrenal cortex, thyroid, gonads, mammary glands)	Growth, stress response, metabolism, reproduction, lactation
Thyroid	Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), Calcitonin	Most body cells, bones	Metabolic rate, calcium regulation
Adrenal Cortex	Cortisol, Aldosterone	Most body cells, kidneys	Stress response, sodium/potassium balance
Pancreas	Insulin, Glucagon	Liver, muscle, adipose tissue	Blood glucose regulation
Ovaries/Testes	Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone	Reproductive organs, various tissues	Reproduction, secondary sex characteristics

Key Definitions and Concepts

• Homeostasis: The maintenance of a stable internal environment.

• Negative Feedback: A control mechanism that reduces the output or activity of any organ or system back to its normal range of functioning.

• Erythropoiesis: The process of red blood cell production, primarily in the bone marrow.

• Immunity: The body's ability to resist or eliminate potentially harmful foreign materials or abnormal cells.

• Acid-Base Balance: Regulation of hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids to maintain pH within a narrow range (7.35–7.45).

Sample Equations

• Cardiac Output: $CO = HR \times SV$ Where $CO$ = cardiac output, $HR$ = heart rate, $SV$ = stroke volume.

• Blood Pressure: $BP = CO \times TPR$ Where $BP$ = blood pressure, $CO$ = cardiac output, $TPR$ = total peripheral resistance.

• Carbonic Acid–Bicarbonate Buffer System: $CO_2 + H_2O \leftrightarrow H_2CO_3 \leftrightarrow H^+ + HCO_3^-$

Grading and Assessment

• Lecture: 70% (hourly exams and quizzes)

• Laboratory: 30% (practical exams, weekly quizzes, lab performance)

• Attendance: Mandatory for both lecture and lab

Academic Integrity

• Cheating, plagiarism, and other forms of academic dishonesty are strictly prohibited.

• Penalties include repeating assignments, failing grades, or removal from the course.

Additional Info

• Students are encouraged to utilize the Science Learning Center and Academic Success Center for tutoring and academic support.

• Accessibility services are available for students with documented disabilities.

• Title IX policies protect against sexual misconduct and discrimination.

Sample Weekly Schedule (Selected Topics)

Week	Lecture Topic	Chapter
1-2	Endocrine System	16
3-4	Blood	17
5-6	Reproductive System	27
7-8	Lymphatic System & Lymphoid Organs	20
9-10	Cardiovascular System: Heart & Blood Vessels	18-19
11-12	Respiratory System	22
13-14	Digestive System	23
15-16	Urinary System & Acid-Base Balance	25-26

Example: Homeostasis in Acid-Base Balance

• The carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system helps maintain blood pH by reversible conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid, which dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions.

• The lungs regulate CO2 exhalation, affecting acid levels, while the kidneys excrete or reabsorb H+ and HCO3- as needed.

Additional info: This guide expands on the syllabus outline with definitions, sample equations, and tables to provide a self-contained study resource for exam preparation.