$$\mathrm{ATP} + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} \rightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P}_i + \text{energy}$$

Question 1

The ability of carbon to form four covalent bonds, as illustrated in the third image, is essential for which biological property?

Accepted Answer

Formation of diverse organic molecules

Question 2

Which functional group is present in the molecule shown in the second image (with a central carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen atoms)?

Accepted Answer

Amino group

Question 3

What emergent property of water is illustrated by the first image, where multiple water molecules are interacting?

Accepted Answer

Cohesion due to hydrogen bonding

Question 4

Which element is shown to have four valence electrons in the third image, allowing it to form four bonds?

Accepted Answer

Carbon

Question 5

The molecule in the fourth image contains two nitrogen atoms bonded to a central carbon atom. Which functional group does this represent?

Accepted Answer

Amide group

Question 6

Which functional group is characterized by a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, as shown in the fifth image?

Accepted Answer

Sulfhydryl group ($$-SH)$$

Question 7

The sixth image shows two steroid molecules. What determines the difference in their biological function?

Accepted Answer

The arrangement and type of functional groups attached

Question 8

The seventh image shows a molecule with three phosphate groups. What is this molecule and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

ATP; energy transfer

Question 9

In the eighth image, the breakdown of the molecule releases energy. Which equation best represents this reaction?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{ATP} + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} ightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P}_i + 	ext{energy}$$

Question 10

The ninth image shows three types of isomers. Which type of isomer is most relevant to drug effectiveness in humans?

Accepted Answer

Enantiomers

Question 11

The tenth image shows two pairs of molecules. Why might one enantiomer of a drug be effective while the other is not?

Accepted Answer

Enantiomers interact differently with biological receptors due to their spatial arrangement

Question 12

The twelfth image shows a dehydration reaction. What is the main purpose of this reaction in cells?

Accepted Answer

To synthesize polymers from monomers

Question 13

The thirteenth image shows three types of carbohydrate polymers. Which polymer is used for energy storage in animals?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen

Question 14

The fourteenth image shows two types of glucose polymers. What is the significance of the different orientations of the hydroxyl groups?

Accepted Answer

They determine whether the polymer is digestible by humans

Question 15

The fifteenth image compares saturated and unsaturated fats. What structural feature distinguishes unsaturated fats?

Accepted Answer

Presence of a cis double bond causing a bend in the fatty acid chain

Question 16

The sixteenth image shows the formation of a triglyceride. Which reaction is responsible for this process?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration synthesis

Question 17

The seventeenth image shows a phospholipid. What property allows phospholipids to form bilayers in cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

Amphipathic nature (having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions)

Question 18

The eighteenth image shows a steroid molecule. What is the defining structural feature of steroids?

Accepted Answer

Four fused carbon rings

Question 19

The nineteenth image shows a space-filling model of a molecule. Which property is most likely associated with this molecule?

Accepted Answer

Hydrophobicity

Biological Molecules: Structure, Function, and Properties

Study Guide - Practice Questions