Q: What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

$$\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6\ \text{O}_2 \rightarrow 6\ \text{CO}_2 + 6\ \text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{ATP}$$

Q: What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

$$6\ \text{CO}_2 + 6\ \text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow \text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6\ \text{O}_2$$

Question 1

In the experiment shown in the first image, Elodea plant sprigs were incubated in a solution with a pH indicator. After 1 hour, the indicator turned pink. What does this color change indicate about the pH of the solution, and what biological process caused this change?

Accepted Answer

The solution became basic due to photosynthesis removing carbon dioxide.

Question 2

Which organelle is responsible for carrying out cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 3

What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{C}_6	ext{H}_{12}	ext{O}_6 + 6\ 	ext{O}_2 ightarrow 6\ 	ext{CO}_2 + 6\ 	ext{H}_2	ext{O} + 	ext{ATP}$$

Question 4

In the DNA diagram shown in the second image, which sequence is responsible for initiating transcription?

Accepted Answer

Promoter

Question 5

During DNA extraction, as shown in the third image, what is the purpose of Chelex resin?

Accepted Answer

To inactivate enzymes that could degrade DNA

Question 6

The instrument shown in the fourth image is used in PCR. What is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

To amplify specific DNA sequences by cycling through different temperatures

Question 7

In the PCR process diagram (fifth image), what is the name and temperature of the stage where DNA strands are separated?

Accepted Answer

Denaturation, $$94^\circC$$

Question 8

What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis, as shown in the sixth image?

Accepted Answer

To separate DNA fragments based on size

Question 9

In the gel electrophoresis image (seventh image), what do the bands represent?

Accepted Answer

DNA fragments of different sizes

Question 10

In the gel diagram (eighth image), which fragment is the largest?

Accepted Answer

The fragment closest to the top of the gel

Question 11

In the gel image with labeled base pairs (ninth image), which lane contains the smallest DNA fragment?

Accepted Answer

The lane with the band at 100 bp

Question 12

In the onion root tip image (tenth image), which phase of mitosis is characterized by chromosomes aligning at the cell's equator?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 13

Which product of photosynthesis causes spinach leaf disks to float in the photosynthesis experiment?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen

Question 14

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

$$6\ 	ext{CO}_2 + 6\ 	ext{H}_2	ext{O} ightarrow 	ext{C}_6	ext{H}_{12}	ext{O}_6 + 6\ 	ext{O}_2$$

Question 15

Which wavelengths (colors) are absorbed most by chlorophyll pigment and are best at powering photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

Blue and red

Question 16

What is the purpose of repeating the steps 40 times in a PCR reaction?

Accepted Answer

To amplify the target DNA sequence exponentially

Question 17

Which gene should be amplified by the primers added to the 'Plant Master Mix' in a GMO detection experiment?

Accepted Answer

A gene found in all plants, GMO and non-GMO

Question 18

In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments move toward which electrode, and why?

Accepted Answer

Toward the red electrode because DNA is negatively charged

Question 19

What is one positive and one negative aspect of producing or consuming GM plants?

Accepted Answer

Positive: Increased resistance to pests; Negative: Potential for allergenicity

Question 20

During mitosis, what is the main difference between cytokinesis in plant and animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Animal cells form a cleavage furrow, plant cells form a cell plate.

Biology Lab Practical 2 Review – Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, GMOs, DNA, PCR, and Mitosis

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