Question 1

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology as depicted in the provided diagram?

Accepted Answer

DNA is replicated, transcribed into RNA, and then translated into protein.

Question 2

In the process of creating recombinant bacteria, which step involves the use of a plasmid as a cloning vector?

Accepted Answer

The gene of interest is inserted into a plasmid, which is then introduced into a bacterial cell.

Question 3

Which real-world application is illustrated by the transformation of the jellyfish GFP gene into other organisms?

Accepted Answer

Tracking gene expression and protein localization in living cells

Question 4

Golden rice is genetically engineered to produce beta-carotene. Which genes are introduced into white rice to achieve this?

Accepted Answer

Genes from daffodil and bacteria

Question 5

Which of the following is a major cause of preventable childhood blindness globally, as discussed in the study materials?

Accepted Answer

Beta-carotene (vitamin A) deficiency

Question 6

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the new DNA strand from the 5’ to 3’ direction?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase III

Question 7

What is the consequence of a nucleotide missing the 3’ hydroxyl group during DNA synthesis, as shown in the chain termination diagram?

Accepted Answer

The DNA strand will terminate at that nucleotide.

Question 8

Which chemical bond is responsible for linking amino acids in the primary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

Peptide bond

Question 9

In DNA extraction protocols, why does DNA remain in the aqueous phase after phenol-chloroform extraction?

Accepted Answer

DNA is hydrophilic and remains in the aqueous phase.

Question 10

Spin-column DNA extraction relies on which physical property of DNA to separate it from other cellular components?

Accepted Answer

DNA is negatively charged and binds to positively charged membranes.

Question 11

Restriction enzymes are used in biotechnology to cut DNA at specific sequences. What is the nature of these sequences?

Accepted Answer

Palindromic sequences

Question 12

Why do bacteria methylate their own DNA at restriction enzyme target sites?

Accepted Answer

To protect their DNA from being cut by their own restriction enzymes

Question 13

Which enzyme is used in PCR to withstand high temperatures during DNA denaturation?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase from thermophilic bacteria

Question 14

What is the main purpose of the CRISPR technique in biotechnology?

Accepted Answer

To replace or edit genes in living cells

Question 15

Which of the following is a real-world example of biotechnology used to treat diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Insulin produced by bacteria using recombinant DNA technology

Question 16

Which equation correctly represents the formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{Amino\ acid\ 1\ +\ Amino\ acid\ 2\ \rightarrow\ Dipeptide\ +\ H_2O}$$

Question 17

During gel electrophoresis, what determines the rate at which DNA fragments move through the agarose gel?

Accepted Answer

The size of the DNA fragment

Question 18

Which step in PCR is responsible for separating double-stranded DNA into single strands?

Accepted Answer

Denaturation at high temperature

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why enzymes that destroy nucleic acids are common in many organisms?

Accepted Answer

To defend against viral infections and regulate gene expression

Question 20

A scientist wants to amplify a specific DNA sequence from a sample. Which technique should they use?

Accepted Answer

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Biotechnology: Tools and Applications in Modern Biology

Study Guide - Practice Questions