Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of growth factors in the cell cycle, as illustrated in the first image?

Accepted Answer

Growth factors bind to cell surface receptors, initiating a signaling cascade that leads to cell division.

Question 2

A cell fails to pass the G2/M checkpoint. Which of the following is the most likely reason for this failure?

Accepted Answer

The cell has damaged DNA that has not been repaired.

Question 3

Which checkpoint ensures that a cell does not begin mitosis until it is large enough and its DNA is undamaged?

Accepted Answer

G2/M checkpoint

Question 4

What is the primary function of the M (metaphase) checkpoint during the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

To ensure all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle before anaphase begins.

Question 5

A researcher observes a mass of cells that are dividing uncontrollably but have not invaded surrounding tissues. What is the best term for this mass?

Accepted Answer

Benign tumor

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why chemotherapy often causes side effects such as hair loss and nausea?

Accepted Answer

Chemotherapy targets all rapidly dividing cells, not just cancer cells.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a typical constraint on normal cell growth?

Accepted Answer

Ability to metastasize

Question 8

A cell with a mutation bypasses the G1 checkpoint and continues to divide without growth factor signals. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Uncontrolled cell proliferation, potentially leading to cancer.

Question 9

Referencing the third image, which sequence correctly describes the progression from a normal cell to invasive cancer?

Accepted Answer

Mutation → Hyperplasia → Dysplasia → In situ cancer → Invasive cancer

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the process of metastasis?

Accepted Answer

Cancer cells spread from the original tumor to distant sites in the body.

Question 11

A patient is diagnosed with a localized tumor. Which treatment is most likely to be recommended first?

Accepted Answer

Surgical removal or concentrated radiation therapy

Question 12

Which of the following is a key difference between benign and malignant tumors?

Accepted Answer

Malignant tumors can invade surrounding tissues and metastasize, while benign tumors cannot.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why cancer cells often have abnormal chromosomes, as seen in the second image?

Accepted Answer

Cancer cells frequently bypass cell cycle checkpoints, allowing DNA damage and mutations to accumulate.

Question 14

A new drug is developed that specifically blocks the activity of tyrosine kinases involved in growth factor signaling. What is the most likely effect of this drug on cancer cells?

Accepted Answer

It will inhibit cancer cell division by blocking the signal required for cell cycle progression.

Question 15

Which equation best represents the exponential growth of cancer cells in the absence of cell cycle control?

Accepted Answer

$$N(t) = N_0$ e$$^{rt}$$

Question 16

Which of the following is a likely side effect of chemotherapy due to its mechanism of action?

Accepted Answer

Increased susceptibility to infection

Question 17

A cell is observed to continue dividing even when surrounded by other cells, ignoring contact inhibition. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

Formation of a tumor due to uncontrolled cell growth

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the principle behind cancer immunotherapy?

Accepted Answer

Stimulating the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells

Question 19

If a cell is too small at the G2/M checkpoint, what is the most likely result?

Accepted Answer

The cell will not proceed to mitosis until it grows larger.

Question 20

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of anchorage dependence?

Accepted Answer

A cell stops dividing when it is not attached to a solid surface.

Cell Cycle Control and Cancer Progression

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