Question 1

Which of the following best explains why smaller cells have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio compared to larger cells?

Accepted Answer

As cells get larger, their volume increases faster than their surface area.

Question 2

A scientist observes a cell with a nucleoid region, a cell wall, and no membrane-bound organelles. Which domain does this cell most likely belong to?

Accepted Answer

Bacteria

Question 3

Which of the following is a key difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Meiosis involves two nuclear divisions and results in haploid cells, while mitosis involves one nuclear division and results in diploid cells.

Question 4

During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 5

A cell fails to pass the metaphase checkpoint during mitosis. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The cell will not proceed to anaphase until all chromosomes are properly attached to spindle fibers.

Question 6

Which process increases genetic variability during meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Crossing over during prophase I

Question 7

A plant with genotype YyRr is crossed with another plant of the same genotype. According to Mendel’s law of independent assortment, what is the expected phenotypic ratio in the offspring?

Accepted Answer

9:3:3:1

Question 8

If the frequency of the dominant allele (A) in a population is $$p = 0.7$$ and the frequency of the recessive allele (a) is $$q = 0.3$$, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

$$2pq$$

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a condition required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

Small population size

Question 10

A woman is a carrier for an X-linked recessive disorder. If she has children with a man who does not have the disorder, what is the probability that their son will have the disorder?

Accepted Answer

50%

Question 11

Which of the following best describes pleiotropy?

Accepted Answer

A single gene affects multiple phenotypic traits.

Question 12

Which evolutionary mechanism is most likely responsible for the random loss of alleles in a small, isolated population?

Accepted Answer

Genetic drift

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?

Accepted Answer

Wings in bats and insects

Question 14

A population of 1000 individuals has 360 individuals with genotype AA, 480 with Aa, and 160 with aa. What is the frequency of allele a?

Accepted Answer

0.4

Question 15

Which checkpoint in the cell cycle ensures that all chromosomes are properly attached to spindle fibers before proceeding?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase checkpoint

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Packaging and modifying glycoproteins

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the Law of Segregation?

Accepted Answer

Two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation.

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-world example of artificial selection?

Accepted Answer

Humans breeding dogs for specific traits

Question 19

Which of the following is true about vestigial organs?

Accepted Answer

They are remnants of organs that had a function in ancestors.

Question 20

If a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and $$q = 0.2$$, what is the expected frequency of homozygous recessive individuals?

Accepted Answer

$$q^2$$

Cell Structure, Division, Genetics, and Evolution: Core Concepts for College Biology

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