Question 1

Which of the following best describes the Central Dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins.

Question 2

A mutation changes the codon AGC (Serine) to AGA (Arginine). What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Missense mutation

Question 3

A mutation changes the codon UAU (Tyrosine) to UAG (Stop). What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation

Question 4

A mutation changes the codon UUU (Phenylalanine) to UUC (Phenylalanine). What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Silent mutation

Question 5

Which process occurs in the nucleus and results in the synthesis of pre-mRNA from a DNA template?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Question 6

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template during transcription?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase

Question 7

What is the correct sequence of events in gene expression according to the Central Dogma?

Accepted Answer

Transcription → RNA processing → Translation

Question 8

If the mRNA sequence is AUG ACC CAA GGU AGC UAA, what is the resulting amino acid sequence? (Use the genetic code chart)

Accepted Answer

Met-Thr-Gln-Gly-Ser-Stop

Question 9

Which of the following best defines evolution in a biological context?

Accepted Answer

The change in allele frequency in a population over time.

Question 10

Which of the following is a requirement for natural selection to occur?

Accepted Answer

The trait must be heritable.

Question 11

Why is it important to complete a prescribed course of antibiotics?

Accepted Answer

To ensure all bacteria, including those with potential resistance, are eliminated.

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why antibiotic resistance is a public health concern?

Accepted Answer

Resistant bacteria can survive and multiply, making infections harder to treat.

Question 13

A mutation in a gene results in a stop codon being introduced early in the mRNA sequence. What is the likely effect on the protein?

Accepted Answer

The protein will be shorter and likely nonfunctional.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a possible effect of a mutation?

Accepted Answer

It always results in a beneficial trait.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes gene expression?

Accepted Answer

The amount of gene product (such as a protein) produced in a cell or tissue at a particular time.

Question 16

Which of the following factors can influence gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors.

Question 17

If a population of bacteria is exposed to antibiotics and only a few survive due to a mutation, what is likely to happen if the antibiotics are not finished?

Accepted Answer

The resistant bacteria will multiply, leading to a population of mostly resistant bacteria.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about evolution by natural selection is correct?

Accepted Answer

It acts on populations, not individuals.

Question 19

A scientist measures the amount of mRNA transcripts for a gene in two different tissues. What is she studying?

Accepted Answer

Gene expression

Question 20

Which of the following is the best definition of a missense mutation?

Accepted Answer

A mutation that changes one amino acid in the protein sequence.

Central Dogma, Gene Expression, Mutations, and Evolution: Study Guide

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