Question 1

Which process is depicted in the first image, where two molecules are joined and a water molecule is released?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration reaction (condensation)

Question 2

What is the main difference between the reactions shown in the first and second images?

Accepted Answer

The first image shows dehydration (synthesis), and the second shows hydrolysis (breakdown).

Question 3

Which functional group is highlighted in the third image as being present in all amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Carboxyl group ($$-COOH)$$

Question 4

The fourth and fifth images show the structural transformation of glucose. What is the significance of this transformation in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

It enables glucose to form a ring structure, which is the predominant form in aqueous solutions.

Question 5

In the sixth image, what type of bond is formed between two monosaccharides during the reaction?

Accepted Answer

Glycosidic linkage

Question 6

The seventh image shows two different polysaccharides. Which one is found in animal cells and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen; energy storage

Question 7

The eighth image illustrates the structure of cellulose. Why can't humans digest cellulose?

Accepted Answer

Humans lack enzymes to hydrolyze $$\beta-1$$,4 glycosidic linkages.

Question 8

The ninth image shows chitin in an arthropod and its use in surgery. What property makes chitin useful as surgical thread?

Accepted Answer

It is strong, flexible, and biodegradable.

Question 9

The tenth and eleventh images show the structure of a fat molecule. What type of reaction links fatty acids to glycerol?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration reaction forming ester linkages

Question 10

The twelfth image compares saturated and unsaturated fats. Why are unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?

Accepted Answer

Their fatty acid chains have kinks due to cis double bonds, preventing tight packing.

Question 11

The thirteenth image shows a phospholipid. What is the significance of the hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails in cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

They cause phospholipids to form bilayers, creating a selective barrier for cells.

Question 12

The fourteenth and fifteenth images show a phospholipid bilayer. What property of the bilayer is essential for its function in cells?

Accepted Answer

It is selectively permeable, allowing some molecules to pass while blocking others.

Question 13

The sixteenth image shows the structure of cholesterol. What is a key biological role of cholesterol in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

It is a component of cell membranes, maintaining fluidity.

Question 14

The seventeenth image shows an enzyme catalyzing a reaction. What is the primary function of enzymes in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

To speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

Question 15

The eighteenth image shows eggs and a protein. Which type of protein is abundant in egg whites and what is its function?

Accepted Answer

Storage protein; provides amino acids for the developing embryo

Question 16

The nineteenth image shows insulin being released into the bloodstream. What is the role of insulin?

Accepted Answer

It signals cells to take up glucose, lowering blood sugar levels.

Question 17

The twentieth image shows muscle tissue and proteins. Which two proteins are primarily responsible for muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Actin and myosin

Question 18

The twenty-first image shows antibodies binding to a virus. What is the function of antibodies?

Accepted Answer

To inactivate and help destroy pathogens

Question 19

The twenty-second image shows a protein channel in a membrane. What is the role of transport proteins?

Accepted Answer

To move substances across cell membranes

Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

Study Guide - Practice Questions