Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic chromosomes are circular and found in the nucleoid, while eukaryotic chromosomes are linear and found in the nucleus.

Question 2

A human somatic cell contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in a human gamete?

Accepted Answer

$$23$$

Question 3

Which of the following statements about homologous chromosomes is correct?

Accepted Answer

They carry genes controlling the same inherited characters, one from each parent.

Question 4

During karyotype preparation, why are cells typically arrested in metaphase?

Accepted Answer

Because chromosomes are most condensed and visible at this stage.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the function of histones in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

They package and organize DNA into nucleosomes.

Question 6

A chromosome with the centromere located very close to one end is called:

Accepted Answer

Acrocentric

Question 7

Which of the following is true regarding the human karyotype?

Accepted Answer

It consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes, including 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes.

Question 8

Which organelle contains its own small, circular DNA, separate from the nuclear genome in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 9

If a species has a diploid number ($$2n) of 38 $$chromosomes, how many chromosomes would you expect to find in a somatic cell and in a gamete, respectively?

Accepted Answer

$$38 in a $$somatic cell and $$19 in a $$gamete

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why Giemsa staining is used in karyotype analysis?

Accepted Answer

It produces characteristic banding patterns that help identify individual chromosomes.

Question 11

Which chromosome group in the human karyotype contains the X chromosome?

Accepted Answer

Group C

Question 12

Which of the following statements about telomeres is correct?

Accepted Answer

They are repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes that protect genetic information.

Question 13

A scientist observes a cell with a single, circular DNA molecule and no nucleus. This cell is most likely:

Accepted Answer

A prokaryotic cell

Question 14

Which of the following best describes a karyotype?

Accepted Answer

A photographic display of an individual's chromosomes arranged in pairs by size and centromere position.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic used to distinguish human chromosomes in a karyotype?

Accepted Answer

Number of mitochondria in the cell

Question 16

Which of the following statements about autosomes is correct?

Accepted Answer

They are all chromosomes except the sex chromosomes.

Question 17

If a chromosome is described as submetacentric, what does this indicate about its centromere?

Accepted Answer

The centromere is located slightly off center, creating arms of unequal length.

Question 18

Which of the following organisms has the highest known chromosome count?

Accepted Answer

Ophioglossum reticulatum (fern)

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why mitochondrial DNA is inherited maternally in most animals?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria in the sperm are typically destroyed after fertilization.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the relationship between chromatin, nucleosomes, and chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin, which condenses to form chromosomes.

Chromosomes and Karyotypes: Structure, Organization, and Classification

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