Question 1

Which of the following best explains why oxygen is such an effective terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen can diffuse across biological membranes and bind to heme groups, facilitating electron transfer.

Question 2

A patient with chronic anemia is prescribed recombinant erythropoietin (EPO). What is the physiological effect of EPO on the patient’s body?

Accepted Answer

EPO increases the production of erythrocytes in the bone marrow.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the Bohr shift is correct?

Accepted Answer

The Bohr shift decreases hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen when CO2 levels rise, facilitating oxygen delivery to tissues.

Question 4

A scuba diver experiences a blockage in a major artery due to a thrombus. Which process most directly led to the formation of this thrombus?

Accepted Answer

A cascade of reactions converting fibrinogen to fibrin, forming a mesh that stabilizes the clot.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the difference between the Tense (T) and Relaxed (R) states of hemoglobin?

Accepted Answer

The R state has a higher affinity for oxygen and is stabilized by an open structure, facilitating cooperative binding.

Question 6

Which of the following is a major reason why extracting oxygen from water is more energetically costly than from air?

Accepted Answer

Water is approximately 800 times denser and 50 times more viscous than air.

Question 7

A patient with cystic fibrosis has thick, sticky mucus in their lungs. This is primarily due to a mutation in which gene, and what is the physiological consequence?

Accepted Answer

A mutation in the CFTR gene, leading to Cl$$^-$$ transport defects and dehydrated mucus.

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why diving mammals can remain underwater for extended periods?

Accepted Answer

They store large amounts of oxygen in myoglobin within their muscles and reduce blood flow to non-essential tissues.

Question 9

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in blood clot formation?

Accepted Answer

Vasoconstriction → Platelet plug formation → Coagulation

Question 10

A person is exposed to carbon monoxide (CO). Which of the following best explains why CO poisoning is so dangerous?

Accepted Answer

CO binds to the heme group in hemoglobin with much higher affinity than O$$_2$$, preventing oxygen transport.

Question 11

Which of the following leukocytes is primarily responsible for phagocytosing bacteria and acting as a first responder during infection?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils

Question 12

Which law explains why gases diffuse down their partial pressure gradients in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Dalton’s Law

Question 13

A patient’s blood test shows a high percentage of eosinophils. Which condition is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Parasitic infection or allergic response

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of surfactant in the alveoli?

Accepted Answer

It reduces surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct statement about the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

Accepted Answer

A small change in partial pressure of oxygen can result in a large change in hemoglobin saturation.

Question 16

Which of the following is a unique feature of the avian respiratory system compared to mammals?

Accepted Answer

Air flows in one direction through the lungs, requiring two cycles of inhalation and exhalation.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of albumin in blood plasma?

Accepted Answer

Albumin helps maintain osmotic balance and influences blood pH.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about the development of blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets all develop from a common source of stem cells in the red bone marrow.

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of platelets in the blood?

Accepted Answer

They initiate the formation of a platelet plug and release clotting factors upon activation.

lecture 3 Circulation and Respiration: Blood Composition, Cell Differentiation, and Gas Exchange

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