Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the Shannon diversity index $$H$$ used to measure species diversity?

$$H = -\sum (p_i \times \ln p_i)$$

Question 1

The interaction between the cleaner wrasse and the moray eel, as shown in the first image, is an example of which type of interspecific interaction?

Accepted Answer

Mutualism (+/+)

Question 2

Based on the barnacle experiment shown in the second image, what is the main difference between a species’ fundamental niche and its realized niche?

Accepted Answer

The realized niche is the portion of the fundamental niche actually occupied due to competition.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes resource partitioning, as illustrated by the spiny mouse example in the third image?

Accepted Answer

Two species evolve to use different resources or be active at different times to reduce competition.

Question 4

Which defense mechanism is demonstrated by the porcupine in the fourth image?

Accepted Answer

Mechanical defense

Question 5

The skunk in the fifth image uses which type of defense against predators?

Accepted Answer

Chemical defense

Question 6

A poison dart frog’s bright coloration, as shown in the sixth image, is an example of what?

Accepted Answer

Aposematic coloration

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the defense strategy of the canyon tree frog in the seventh image?

Accepted Answer

Cryptic coloration

Question 8

In the eighth image, the nonvenomous hawkmoth larva mimics the venomous green parrot snake. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Batesian mimicry

Question 9

The yellow jacket and cuckoo bee in the ninth image both have similar warning coloration and are both unpalatable to predators. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Müllerian mimicry

Question 10

The mimic octopus, shown in the tenth image, can imitate the appearance and movement of several marine animals. What advantage does this provide?

Accepted Answer

It helps the octopus avoid predators and approach prey.

Question 11

Which of the following equations correctly represents the Shannon diversity index $$H$$ used to measure species diversity?

Accepted Answer

$$H = -\sum (p_i 	imes \ln p_i)$$

Question 12

If a grassland community has 100 kg of plant biomass, according to the energetic hypothesis, how much carnivore biomass can be supported at the third trophic level?

Accepted Answer

$$1 	ext{ kg}$$

Question 13

Which of the following best describes a keystone species, as illustrated by the sea star experiment in the sixteenth image?

Accepted Answer

A species that has a disproportionately large effect on community structure relative to its abundance.

Question 14

Beavers, as shown in the seventeenth image, are considered ecosystem engineers because:

Accepted Answer

They create or dramatically alter their physical environment.

Question 15

According to the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, which level of disturbance is expected to result in the highest species diversity?

Accepted Answer

Intermediate disturbance

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of secondary succession?

Accepted Answer

Reestablishment of a forest after a fire removes most vegetation

Question 17

Which of the following statements about human disturbance is supported by the last image in the set?

Accepted Answer

Human disturbance often reduces species diversity in both terrestrial and marine ecosystems.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of decomposers in a food web?

Accepted Answer

They recycle nutrients by breaking down dead organic matter.

Question 19

In a community with high species richness but low relative abundance for most species, which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

The community has high species richness but may have moderate or low overall diversity.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the structure of a biological community?

Accepted Answer

The genetic code of a single individual

Community Ecology: Structure, Interactions, and Dynamics

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