Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of osteoclasts in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

They resorb bone, breaking down bone tissue to release calcium into the blood.

Question 2

A patient presents with abnormally high plasma calcium levels. Which hormone is most likely underactive in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin

Question 3

Which of the following is a key function of the skeleton?

Accepted Answer

Storage of calcium and phosphate ions

Question 4

During the process of bone lengthening at the epiphyseal plate, which sequence of events occurs first?

Accepted Answer

Chondrocytes undergo cell division

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why osteoporosis is more common in post-menopausal women?

Accepted Answer

Decreased estrogen levels reduce bone matrix deposition

Question 6

A 10% decrease in bone mass doubles the risk of fracture. If a woman’s bone mass decreases from 100% to 70% of her peak value, by what factor does her fracture risk increase?

Accepted Answer

8 times

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a physiological role of free (unbound) extracellular Ca$$^{2+}$$?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of hemoglobin

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the epidermis is correct?

Accepted Answer

It is composed of multiple layers of epithelial cells, with the outermost being dead and keratinized.

Question 9

Which cell type is responsible for producing the pigment melanin in the skin, and what is the key enzyme involved?

Accepted Answer

Melanocyte; tyrosinase

Question 10

A patient with chronic kidney disease develops anemia. Which of the following best explains this finding?

Accepted Answer

Decreased erythropoietin production leads to reduced erythropoiesis.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of albumin in plasma?

Accepted Answer

Transports many substances and contributes most to colloid osmotic pressure

Question 12

Which of the following is the correct order of cell types during erythropoiesis?

Accepted Answer

Pluripotent stem cell → Myeloid stem cell → Erythroblast → Reticulocyte → Erythrocyte

Question 13

A blood sample is centrifuged and the hematocrit is found to be 30%. Which of the following conditions is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Anemia

Question 14

Which of the following leukocytes is most likely to be elevated in a patient with a parasitic worm infection?

Accepted Answer

Eosinophil

Question 15

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm → Platelet plug formation → Blood coagulation

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of hemoglobin (Hb) in erythrocytes?

Accepted Answer

It transports O$$_2$$, CO$$_2$$, H$$^+$$, CO, and NO.

Question 17

A 25-year-old athlete has a hematocrit of 70%. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

Polycythemia

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why the skin is able to act as a barrier to water loss?

Accepted Answer

Keratinized layer of dead cells in the epidermis

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of the hypodermis?

Accepted Answer

Anchoring the skin to underlying tissues and storing fat

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the effect of growth hormone (GH) on bone growth during adolescence?

Accepted Answer

GH, via IGF-1, stimulates proliferation of epiphyseal cartilage, promoting bone lengthening as long as the epiphyseal plate remains cartilaginous.

Connective Tissue, Bone, Skin, and Blood: Structure and Function

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