Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of glucose to ATP during cellular respiration?

$$ \text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6\text{O}_2 \rightarrow 6\text{CO}_2 + 6\text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{ATP} $$

Question 1

Which of the following statements best explains why steroid hormones can easily pass through cell membranes, while peptide hormones cannot?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones are non-polar and hydrophobic, allowing them to diffuse through the lipid bilayer, whereas peptide hormones are polar and hydrophilic, requiring membrane receptors.

Question 2

A patient with Type 1 diabetes is unable to produce insulin. Which of the following best describes the effect this has on glucose transport into cells?

Accepted Answer

GLUT-4 transporters are not activated, so glucose cannot enter most cells efficiently, leading to high blood glucose levels.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the negative feedback mechanism in blood glucose regulation?

Accepted Answer

When blood glucose rises, insulin is released to lower it; when blood glucose falls, glucagon is released to raise it.

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct generalization about the polarity and solubility of macromolecules?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates are generally polar and hydrophilic, making them soluble in water.

Question 5

Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of glucose to ATP during cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$ 	ext{C}_6	ext{H}_{12}	ext{O}_6 + 6	ext{O}_2 ightarrow 6	ext{CO}_2 + 6	ext{H}_2	ext{O} + 	ext{ATP} $$

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of the liver in glucose regulation during hypoglycemia?

Accepted Answer

The liver breaks down glycogen into glucose and releases it into the blood, increasing blood glucose levels.

Question 7

Which of the following is a characteristic of facilitated diffusion across cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

It requires a transmembrane protein but does not require energy input.

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why long-term high blood glucose is problematic for the body?

Accepted Answer

It can damage blood vessels and nerves, leading to complications such as cardiovascular disease and neuropathy.

Question 9

Which of the following is true about the movement of polar monomers across cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

Polar monomers require specific transport proteins to cross cell membranes.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the difference between competitive and allosteric inhibitors?

Accepted Answer

Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of an enzyme, while allosteric inhibitors bind to a different site and change the enzyme's shape.

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct statement about hormone polarity and transport?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones are non-polar and require blood transport proteins, while peptide/protein hormones are polar and travel freely in blood.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the process of oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

It uses the electron transport chain to create a proton gradient, which drives ATP synthesis via ATP synthase.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct description of the role of NAD+/NADH in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

NAD+ acts as an electron carrier, accepting electrons during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to become NADH.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why upregulation amplifies hormone response?

Accepted Answer

Upregulation increases the number of receptors, making cells more sensitive to the hormone.

Question 15

Which of the following is a real-world example of positive feedback in the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

The release of oxytocin during childbirth, which increases uterine contractions and stimulates more oxytocin release.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the impact of diabetes on respiration rate?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes can lead to increased respiration rate due to metabolic acidosis from high blood glucose.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference in the cause of Type 1 vs. Type 2 diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Type 1 diabetes is caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells, while Type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about the stages of cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain all contribute to ATP production, with most ATP produced in the electron transport chain.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes how public health programs can help reduce the underlying causes of Type 2 diabetes?

Accepted Answer

They address both individual behavior change (diet, exercise) and environmental change (access to healthy foods, safe places to exercise).

Diabetes Unit: Digestion, Transport, Endocrine System, and Cellular Respiration Study Guide

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