Q: Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

$$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

Which of the following correctly lists the levels of biological organization from smallest to largest?

Accepted Answer

Molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

Question 2

Which property of water allows a spider to walk on its surface, as shown in the image?

Accepted Answer

Surface tension

Question 3

A scientist is studying the effect of a new fertilizer on plant growth. She sets up two groups: one receives the fertilizer, and the other does not. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

Accepted Answer

Type of fertilizer

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of a trace element essential for human health, and what condition can result from its deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Iodine; goiter

Question 6

Which type of chemical bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?

Accepted Answer

Covalent bond

Question 7

What is the main function of ATP in cells?

Accepted Answer

Storing and transferring energy for cellular processes

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why ice floats on water?

Accepted Answer

Ice is less dense than liquid water because hydrogen bonds keep water molecules farther apart in the solid state.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about isotopes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Isotopes of an element have different numbers of neutrons.

Question 10

Which process describes the joining of two monomers by removing a water molecule?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration reaction

Question 11

A mutation causes a single amino acid substitution in the hemoglobin protein, resulting in sickle-cell disease. This is an example of how changes in which level of protein structure can affect function?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of producers in an ecosystem?

Accepted Answer

They convert solar energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct example of mutualism?

Accepted Answer

Fish eating parasites off turtles

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of buffers in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Minimize changes in pH by accepting or donating H+ ions

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why water is an excellent solvent for ionic and polar substances?

Accepted Answer

Water's polarity allows it to surround and separate ions and polar molecules.

Question 17

Which of the following is a real-world application of radioactive isotopes in biology?

Accepted Answer

Dating fossils using carbon-14

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature; unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature.

Question 19

Which of the following is a property of carbon that allows it to form large, complex molecules?

Accepted Answer

It can form up to four covalent bonds with other atoms.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the relationship between DNA and evolutionary kinship among species?

Accepted Answer

Closely related species have more similar DNA sequences than distantly related species.

Foundations of Biology: Evolution, Chemistry of Life, and Biological Molecules

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