Q: Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

$$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 2

A mutation in the gene for pigmentation in donkeys results in a white coat color instead of brown. Which process is directly responsible for the change in phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Gene expression

Question 3

Beadle and Tatum’s experiments with Neurospora mutants led to which important biological hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

One gene–one enzyme hypothesis

Question 4

Which of the following statements about the genetic code is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

The genetic code is universal among almost all organisms

Question 5

During transcription in eukaryotes, what is the role of the TATA box?

Accepted Answer

It is a promoter sequence crucial for forming the initiation complex

Question 6

Which of the following modifications occur to eukaryotic pre-mRNA before it leaves the nucleus?

Accepted Answer

Addition of a 5' cap and a poly-A tail

Question 7

A point mutation changes a codon from $$	ext{UAC} ($$tyrosine) to $$	ext{UAA} ($$stop). What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation

Question 8

Which enzyme is responsible for attaching the correct amino acid to its tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

Question 9

What is the consequence of a frameshift mutation caused by the insertion of a single nucleotide within the coding region of a gene?

Accepted Answer

The reading frame is altered, potentially changing every amino acid downstream

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why a single gene can code for multiple polypeptides in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Alternative RNA splicing

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a function of the 5' cap and poly-A tail added to eukaryotic mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Directly catalyzing peptide bond formation during translation

Question 12

Which of the following statements about ribosomes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes facilitate the coupling of tRNA anticodons with mRNA codons

Question 13

In bacteria, what allows translation to begin before transcription is finished?

Accepted Answer

The absence of a nuclear envelope

Question 14

Which of the following is a property of ribozymes?

Accepted Answer

They are RNA molecules with catalytic activity

Question 15

A scientist uses CRISPR-Cas9 to knock out a gene in mice. What is the immediate molecular result of Cas9 activity?

Accepted Answer

Cas9 cuts both strands of the targeted gene's DNA

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of a signal peptide during translation?

Accepted Answer

It directs the ribosome to the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 17

Which of the following is true about the relationship between genotype and phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Proteins act as the link between genotype and phenotype

Question 18

Which of the following is a direct result of a nonsense mutation in a gene?

Accepted Answer

A polypeptide that is shorter than normal

Question 19

Which of the following best defines a gene according to modern molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

A region of DNA that can be expressed to produce a functional product, either a polypeptide or an RNA molecule

Question 20

Which of the following is a likely effect of a mutagen that causes random insertions in the coding region of a gene?

Accepted Answer

It may cause a frameshift mutation, altering the reading frame

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