Q: Which equation describes the variance of allele frequency among subpopulations in the infinite island model?

$$\text{Var}(p) = \frac{p(1-p)}{1+4Nm}$$

Question 1

Which equation describes the change in allele frequency on an island due to migration from a continent, according to the one-island migration model?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta p_I = m(p_C - p_I)$$

Question 2

In the infinite island model, what happens to genetic differentiation between populations as the product $$Nm$$ increases above 1?

Accepted Answer

Genetic differentiation disappears

Question 3

Which statistic is used to measure the correlation of gametes within a subpopulation relative to the total allele frequencies, and is given by $$F_{ST} = \frac{1}{1+4Nm}$$ for neutral alleles in the infinite island model?

Accepted Answer

FST

Question 4

A population of birds colonizes a series of islands, each time starting from a small number of individuals. Which genetic phenomenon is most likely to occur, leading to reduced genetic diversity and increased homozygosity?

Accepted Answer

Founder effect

Question 5

Which model assumes that all subpopulations are equal in size and exchange migrants with equal rates, and is described by the equation $$F_{ST} = \frac{1}{1+4Nm}$$?

Accepted Answer

n-island model

Question 6

In landscape genomics, what does a cumulative resistance map represent?

Accepted Answer

The summed resistance to dispersal across multiple landscape features

Question 7

Which force is most effective at decreasing heterozygosity in small populations?

Accepted Answer

Genetic drift

Question 8

According to Wright's shifting balance theory, what is the evolutionary advantage of having a large population composed of many partially isolated local groups?

Accepted Answer

Allows for trial and error experimentation within groups, and successful combinations can spread via gene flow

Question 9

Which equation is used to estimate the likelihood of population parameters in genealogy-based methods for inferring gene flow?

Accepted Answer

$$L(\Theta) = \int_{g \in G} P(g|\Theta)P(D|g)dg$$

Question 10

In the stepping-stone model, gene flow occurs primarily between which populations?

Accepted Answer

Neighboring populations

Question 11

If migration from the mainland to an island is common, what will happen to the frequency of a rare allele 'q' on the island over time?

Accepted Answer

The frequency of 'q' will increase and approach the mainland frequency

Question 12

Which method is recommended for inferring migration rates when the assumptions of the infinite island model are not met?

Accepted Answer

Genealogy-based methods

Question 13

What is the effect of purifying selection on new alleles introduced by migration or mutation?

Accepted Answer

New alleles are lost if they are not adaptive

Question 14

Which equation describes the expected heterozygosity of an inbred population relative to an outbred population?

Accepted Answer

$$H_F = H_O 	imes (1 - F)$$

Question 15

In a population genetic study, which scenario would most likely result in the Wahlund effect?

Accepted Answer

Sampling from multiple subpopulations with different allele frequencies

Question 16

Which force increases heterozygosity by creating new alleles at some rate $$m$$?

Accepted Answer

Mutation

Question 17

In the context of landscape genomics, what does 'isolation by resistance' refer to?

Accepted Answer

Genetic differentiation caused by landscape features that impede dispersal

Question 18

Which equation describes the variance of allele frequency among subpopulations in the infinite island model?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Var}(p) = \frac{p(1-p)}{1+4Nm}$$

Question 19

Which process can reverse the effects of inbreeding depression by increasing heterozygosity?

Accepted Answer

Outbreeding

Question 20

In the context of spatial sorting, what happens to dispersal probability at the expanding edge of a population?

Accepted Answer

Dispersal probability increases at the expanding edge

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