Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the process of photosynthesis?

$$6 \mathrm{CO}_2 + 6 \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} + \text{light energy} \rightarrow \mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6 + 6 \mathrm{O}_2$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between an independent and a dependent variable in a scientific experiment?

Accepted Answer

The independent variable is what you change or purpose in an experiment, while the dependent variable is what you measure in response to those changes.

Question 2

A sodium atom loses one electron to become a sodium ion. What type of bond will it most likely form with a chlorine atom, and why?

Accepted Answer

An ionic bond, because sodium donates an electron to chlorine, creating oppositely charged ions that attract.

Question 3

Which property of water allows it to moderate Earth's climate by absorbing and releasing large amounts of heat with only slight changes in its own temperature?

Accepted Answer

High specific heat

Question 4

A solution has a pH of 4. Which of the following statements is correct?

Accepted Answer

The solution is acidic and has a high concentration of hydrogen ions.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why cell membranes are described as 'selectively permeable'?

Accepted Answer

They allow some molecules to pass while blocking others based on size, charge, or polarity.

Question 6

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will most likely happen to the cell, and why?

Accepted Answer

It will swell and possibly burst because water will move into the cell.

Question 7

Which organelle is responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration in both plant and animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 8

Which of the following equations correctly represents the process of photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

$$6 \mathrm{CO}_2 + 6 \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} + 	ext{light energy} ightarrow \mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6 + 6 \mathrm{O}_2$$

Question 9

Which statement best describes the role of enzymes in biological reactions?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy, allowing reactions to occur more quickly at normal body temperatures.

Question 10

During DNA replication, which base pairs with cytosine?

Accepted Answer

Guanine

Question 11

A mutation causes a single base to be inserted into a gene sequence. What type of mutation is this, and what is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Frameshift mutation; likely to change every codon after the insertion and produce a nonfunctional protein

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis produces two identical cells; meiosis produces four genetically unique cells.

Question 13

In a population, the frequency of allele A is $$p = 0.7$$ and the frequency of allele a is $$q = 0.3. $$According to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes (Aa)?

Accepted Answer

$$2pq$$

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of allopatric speciation?

Accepted Answer

A river forms and divides a population of rodents, leading to the evolution of two separate species.

Question 15

Which of the following is a characteristic unique to chordates?

Accepted Answer

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why amphibians are considered a transitional group between aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates?

Accepted Answer

They have moist skin for gas exchange and typically lay eggs in water, but adults can live on land.

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the plant vascular tissue xylem?

Accepted Answer

Transporting water and minerals from roots to leaves

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the main function of ribosomes in a cell?

Accepted Answer

Producing proteins by linking amino acids together

Question 19

Which of the following is a property of water that results from hydrogen bonding and is critical for the transport of water in plants?

Accepted Answer

Cohesion

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