Q: In the central dogma of molecular biology, what is the correct sequence of information flow?

$$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the relationship between DNA, chromatin, and chromosomes in a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

DNA is wrapped around proteins to form chromatin, which further condenses to form chromosomes.

Question 2

Which of the following is a correct base pairing in DNA, and how many hydrogen bonds stabilize this pair?

Accepted Answer

Adenine pairs with thymine, stabilized by two hydrogen bonds.

Question 3

During DNA replication, what does 'semi-conservative' mean?

Accepted Answer

Each new DNA molecule contains one parental strand and one new strand.

Question 4

A mutation occurs in a gene where a single nucleotide is inserted. What is the most likely effect on the resulting protein?

Accepted Answer

The reading frame will shift, potentially altering every amino acid after the mutation.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is correct?

Accepted Answer

PCR uses heat-stable DNA polymerase to amplify DNA segments in vitro.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA is found only in the cytoplasm, while RNA is found only in the nucleus.

Question 7

Which organelle is primarily responsible for protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome

Question 8

In the central dogma of molecular biology, what is the correct sequence of information flow?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 9

A forensic scientist is analyzing DNA from a crime scene using STR (Short Tandem Repeat) markers. Why are STRs useful for DNA profiling?

Accepted Answer

STRs vary greatly among individuals, allowing for unique identification.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why mutations are considered the raw material for evolution?

Accepted Answer

Mutations introduce genetic variation, which can be acted upon by natural selection.

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct comparison between transcription and translation?

Accepted Answer

Transcription produces mRNA from DNA, while translation synthesizes proteins from mRNA.

Question 12

A scientist wants to amplify a specific DNA segment from a single drop of blood. Which technique should they use, and what is the main enzyme involved?

Accepted Answer

PCR; DNA polymerase

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of primers in PCR?

Accepted Answer

They provide a starting point for DNA synthesis.

Question 14

If a DNA sample contains 30% adenine, what percentage of thymine would you expect to find?

Accepted Answer

$$30\%$$

Question 15

Which of the following is a real-world application of DNA biotechnology in health?

Accepted Answer

Using PCR to amplify DNA for genetic disease diagnosis.

Question 16

A mutation changes the DNA sequence from 'THE CAT ATE THE RAT' to 'THE ATA TET HER AT'. What type of mutation is this and what is its likely effect?

Accepted Answer

A deletion mutation; likely causes a frameshift and alters the meaning of the sequence.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why gel electrophoresis can separate DNA fragments by size?

Accepted Answer

Smaller DNA fragments move faster through the gel matrix than larger fragments.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is correct?

Accepted Answer

GMOs are produced by manipulating DNA to introduce new traits.

Question 19

Which of the following is a similarity between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

Both are polymers of nucleotides.

Question 20

A scientist is comparing the DNA profiles of two individuals using STR analysis. What result would indicate that the two samples came from the same person?

Accepted Answer

The STR patterns are identical at all tested loci.

Genetic Diseases and DNA Biotechnology: Structure, Function, and Applications

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