Question 1

Which of the following best explains why Mendel’s experiments with pea plants were crucial for the development of modern genetics?

Accepted Answer

He identified that inheritable factors (genes) retain their individuality generation after generation.

Question 2

In Mendel’s terminology, what does the F2 generation represent?

Accepted Answer

The second generation of offspring, produced by crossing F1 individuals.

Question 3

Which of the following statements correctly describes the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup, while phenotype refers to the expressed physical trait.

Question 4

A pea plant with genotype Tt is crossed with another Tt plant. What is the probability that an offspring will be homozygous recessive?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{1}{4}$$

Question 5

Which of the following best describes Mendel’s Principle of Independent Assortment?

Accepted Answer

Each pair of alleles segregates independently of other pairs during gamete formation.

Question 6

A testcross is performed between a plant with an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive plant. If all offspring display the dominant phenotype, what is the genotype of the unknown parent?

Accepted Answer

Homozygous dominant

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of a polygenic trait?

Accepted Answer

Human skin color

Question 8

If two heterozygous individuals (Aa) for a recessive genetic disorder mate, what is the probability that their child will have the disorder?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{1}{4}$$

Question 9

Which of the following genetic disorders is caused by a dominant allele?

Accepted Answer

Huntington’s disease

Question 10

A couple has a child with cystic fibrosis, an autosomal recessive disorder. What are the possible genotypes of the parents?

Accepted Answer

Both parents are heterozygous

Question 11

Which of the following best describes incomplete dominance?

Accepted Answer

The heterozygote displays a phenotype that is a blend of the two parental traits.

Question 12

In a dihybrid cross between two individuals heterozygous for both traits (AaBb x AaBb), what is the expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation?

Accepted Answer

9:3:3:1

Question 13

Which of the following procedures can be performed as early as the 8th week of pregnancy to detect genetic disorders?

Accepted Answer

Chorionic villus sampling

Question 14

A pedigree shows a trait that appears in every generation and affects both males and females equally. What is the most likely mode of inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Autosomal dominant

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why inbreeding increases the probability of genetic disorders?

Accepted Answer

It increases the likelihood that offspring will inherit two copies of a recessive allele.

Question 16

If a woman is a carrier for an autosomal recessive disorder and her partner is homozygous dominant, what is the probability that their child will have the disorder?

Accepted Answer

$$0$$

Question 17

Which of the following is a real-world example of codominance?

Accepted Answer

Blood type AB in humans

Question 18

A couple has three children, all of whom are affected by a dominant genetic disorder. If one parent is heterozygous for the disorder and the other is homozygous recessive, what is the probability that their next child will also have the disorder?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{1}{2}$$

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the chromosome theory of inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Genes are located on chromosomes, which segregate and independently assort during meiosis.

Question 20

A woman undergoes amniocentesis at 16 weeks of pregnancy. What is the main advantage of this procedure?

Accepted Answer

It can detect chromosomal abnormalities and genetic disorders in the fetus.

Genetics: Patterns of Inheritance – Mendelian and Non-Mendelian Genetics

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