Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between innate and adaptive immunity in animals?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity is nonspecific and always ready to respond, while adaptive immunity is specific and requires activation.

Question 2

Which physical and chemical barriers help prevent pathogen entry into the human body?

Accepted Answer

Keratinized skin, low pH of sweat, mucus, and cilia in airways

Question 3

A patient exposed to hantavirus develops acute respiratory distress. Which immune system process is most likely to be activated first?

Accepted Answer

Innate immune response involving leukocytes

Question 4

Which of the following is a function of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the innate immune response?

Accepted Answer

TLRs recognize pathogen-associated antigens and trigger leukocyte activation.

Question 5

During the inflammatory response, which sequence of events occurs after pathogens enter a wound?

Accepted Answer

Platelets release clotting proteins, mast cells constrict blood vessels, neutrophils remove pathogens, macrophages initiate tissue repair

Question 6

Which characteristic of the adaptive immune response allows for rapid reactivation upon re-exposure to a pathogen?

Accepted Answer

Memory

Question 7

What is the primary structural difference between B-cell receptors (BCRs) and T-cell receptors (TCRs)?

Accepted Answer

BCRs have light and heavy chains, while TCRs have alpha and beta chains.

Question 8

Which equation best represents the probability of a B cell recognizing a specific epitope, given that an antigen has $$n$$ epitopes and there are $$m$$ unique B cells?

Accepted Answer

$$P = \frac{m}{n} $$

Question 9

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of autoimmunity?

Accepted Answer

Destruction of self tissues by anti-self T cells

Question 10

A patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus has T cells that attack insulin-secreting cells. Which immune system failure does this represent?

Accepted Answer

Failure of self–nonself recognition

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why hantavirus outbreaks are often associated with rural areas?

Accepted Answer

Rural areas have more rodents, increasing the risk of exposure to their urine, saliva, or droppings.

Question 12

Which step in the hantavirus life cycle involves the hijacking of the host cell's machinery for viral protein production?

Accepted Answer

Viral RNA is transcribed by RdRp and mRNA is translated into viral proteins.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a typical early symptom of hantavirus infection?

Accepted Answer

Shortness of breath

Question 14

If a patient develops hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome after hantavirus exposure, which organ is primarily affected?

Accepted Answer

Kidney

Question 15

Which equation best represents the fatality rate ($$F) $$for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome if $$N is $$the number of infected individuals and $$D is $$the number of deaths?

Accepted Answer

$$F = \frac{D}{N} 	imes 100\% $$

Question 16

Which of the following statements about the spread of hantavirus is correct?

Accepted Answer

Hantavirus is mainly spread by contact with rodents or their excretions, and rarely between people.

Question 17

Which immune system cells are primarily responsible for producing antibodies?

Accepted Answer

B cells

Question 18

A person cleaning a mouse-infested shed develops flu-like symptoms a week later. Which process most likely allowed the virus to enter their body?

Accepted Answer

Inhalation of airborne particles containing hantavirus from rodent droppings

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of pattern-recognition receptors in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

They recognize common molecular patterns on pathogens and trigger innate immune responses.

Question 20

Which of the following is a plausible reason why the adaptive immune system can recognize a wide array of antigens?

Accepted Answer

The variable region of BCRs and TCRs allows for diversity in antigen recognition.

Hantavirus: Biology, Transmission, and Pathophysiology

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