Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of their outcomes?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis produces two identical diploid cells, while meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid cells.

Question 2

A cell is observed under a microscope with chromosomes aligned at the center of the cell. Which stage of mitosis is this cell in?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 3

Which event during meiosis increases genetic variation among offspring?

Accepted Answer

Crossing over between homologous chromosomes during prophase I

Question 4

A woman who is a carrier for an X-linked recessive disorder and a man who does not have the disorder have a son. What is the probability that their son will have the disorder?

Accepted Answer

$$50\%$$

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why antibiotics become less effective over time in treating bacterial infections?

Accepted Answer

Bacteria evolve resistance through natural selection, favoring those with mutations that confer survival in the presence of antibiotics.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

Natural selection is acting on the population.

Question 7

A pedigree chart shows a trait that appears in every generation and affects both males and females equally. What is the most likely mode of inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Autosomal dominant

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of a keystone species in an ecosystem?

Accepted Answer

Its removal causes a significant change in the structure and diversity of the ecosystem.

Question 9

Which blood vessel type is primarily responsible for exchanging gases and nutrients with tissues?

Accepted Answer

Capillaries

Question 10

Which component of blood is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen?

Accepted Answer

Red blood cells

Question 11

During inhalation in humans, which of the following occurs?

Accepted Answer

The diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing thoracic volume.

Question 12

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for coordinating voluntary muscle movements and maintaining balance?

Accepted Answer

Cerebellum

Question 13

Which of the following best describes how a reflex arc functions?

Accepted Answer

A sensory neuron communicates with an interneuron in the spinal cord, which then activates a motor neuron for a rapid response.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains the function of antibodies in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

They bind to specific antigens, marking pathogens for destruction by other immune cells.

Question 15

Which process is used to separate DNA fragments by size for genetic analysis?

Accepted Answer

Gel electrophoresis

Question 16

Which of the following is a real-world example of mutualism?

Accepted Answer

Bees pollinating flowers while collecting nectar

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of the myelin sheath in neurons?

Accepted Answer

It insulates the axon, increasing the speed of nerve impulse transmission.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about the lymphatic system is correct?

Accepted Answer

It returns excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream and is involved in immune responses.

Question 19

A child is born with Down syndrome, which is caused by an extra chromosome 21. What is the most likely cause of this chromosomal abnormality?

Accepted Answer

Nondisjunction during meiosis

Question 20

Which of the following best explains how vaccines protect against infectious diseases?

Accepted Answer

They stimulate the adaptive immune system to produce memory cells specific to the pathogen.

Honors Biology Final Exam Review: Cell Division, Genetics, Evolution, and Body Systems

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