Introduction to Biology: The Science of Life

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Introduction to Biology"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Definition and Scope of Biology"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Biology is the scientific study of life, encompassing the diversity of living organisms and their processes. The term \"biology\" is derived from the prefix meaning \"life\" and the suffix \"-ology,\" which means \"the study of.\" Biology investigates all forms of life, from microscopic organisms to large plants and animals."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Biology"},{"type":"text","text":": The study of living organisms and their interactions with the environment."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Prefix \"bio-\""},{"type":"text","text":": Means \"life.\""}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Suffix \"-ology\""},{"type":"text","text":": Means \"the study of.\""}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Most life on Earth is microscopic and not visible to the naked eye."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/biology/sub_images/9ff9e972_image_1.png","alt":"Diverse life forms including coral, fungi, polar bear, tiger, bacteria, flower, butterfly","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/biology/sub_images/9ff9e972_image_2.png","alt":"Prefix and suffix breakdown of the word 'biology'","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fundamental Units of Life"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Cells and Organisms"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The cell is the smallest, most basic unit of life. An organism is any individual form of life, which can be unicellular or multicellular."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Cell"},{"type":"text","text":": The fundamental unit of life."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Organism"},{"type":"text","text":": Any individual living entity."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Organisms can be "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"unicellular"},{"type":"text","text":" (one cell) or "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"multicellular"},{"type":"text","text":" (many cells)."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/biology/sub_images/9ff9e972_image_3.png","alt":"Unicellular and multicellular organisms","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Characteristics of Life"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Shared Features of Living Organisms"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"All living organisms share a set of characteristics that distinguish them from nonliving things. These include cellular organization, growth, response to stimuli, homeostasis, reproduction, energy acquisition, genetic information, and evolution."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Composed of cells (smallest unit of life)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Use smaller structures to build larger ones."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Respond to environmental stimuli."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Maintain homeostasis (stable internal conditions)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Capacity to reproduce (either sexually or asexually)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Acquire and utilize energy from surroundings."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Genetic information (DNA) functions as the hereditary material."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Change over time for adaptation and improved survival (evolution)."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/biology/sub_images/9ff9e972_image_4.png","alt":"Eight characteristics of life","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Life’s Organizational Hierarchy"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Levels of Biological Organization"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Life is organized into a hierarchical structure, from the smallest particles to the largest systems. Each level builds upon the previous, resulting in emergent properties."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Atom"},{"type":"text","text":": Smallest particle of an element."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Molecule"},{"type":"text","text":": Combination of atoms."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Organelle"},{"type":"text","text":": Specialized structures within cells."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Cell"},{"type":"text","text":": Smallest unit of life."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Tissue"},{"type":"text","text":": Group of cells performing a specific function."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Organ"},{"type":"text","text":": Group of tissues that perform a function."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Organ System"},{"type":"text","text":": Group of organs working together."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Organism"},{"type":"text","text":": Individual living entity."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Population"},{"type":"text","text":": All organisms of the same species in an area."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Community"},{"type":"text","text":": Multiple populations in an area."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Ecosystem"},{"type":"text","text":": Living community and its abiotic surroundings."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Biosphere"},{"type":"text","text":": All ecosystems on Earth."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/biology/sub_images/9ff9e972_image_5.png","alt":"Hierarchy of biological organization","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/biology/sub_images/9ff9e972_image_6.png","alt":"Pyramid of life's organizational hierarchy","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/biology/sub_images/9ff9e972_image_7.png","alt":"Blank pyramid for organizational hierarchy","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Emergent Properties"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Emergent properties arise when smaller parts combine to form a whole, which exhibits characteristics not found in the individual parts. For example, individual organelles do not display life, but together in a cell, they do."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"At each new level, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Examples: Transportation (bike parts together), Life (cell organelles together)."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/biology/sub_images/9ff9e972_image_8.png","alt":"Emergent properties illustrated with bike and cell","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Natural Selection & Evolution"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Adaptation and Fitness"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Organisms are well suited to their environments due to adaptation, which improves their fitness. Fitness is the ability to survive and reproduce."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Adaptation"},{"type":"text","text":": Process enabling organisms to survive and reproduce in their environments."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Fitness"},{"type":"text","text":": An organism’s ability to survive and reproduce."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/biology/sub_images/9ff9e972_image_9.png","alt":"Examples of adaptation in various organisms","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Natural Selection"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Natural selection is the process by which the environment selects for organisms with traits that improve fitness. It is often described as \"survival of the fittest.\" Requirements for natural selection include genetic variation and selective pressure."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Requires genetic variation in a population."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Requires selective pressure for heritable traits affecting fitness."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Results in differential reproductive success."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/biology/sub_images/9ff9e972_image_10.png","alt":"Natural selection illustrated with giraffes","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Evolution"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Evolution is the change in the genetic makeup of a population over generations. It can occur via natural selection and is responsible for the diversity of life."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Evolution shapes all life on Earth."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Responsible for adaptation and diversity."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/biology/sub_images/9ff9e972_image_11.png","alt":"Evolution illustrated with crickets and birds","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Taxonomy: Classifying Life"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Introduction to Taxonomy"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Taxonomy is the branch of science that classifies, identifies, and names organisms. It uses hierarchical categories to organize all life."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Taxonomy"},{"type":"text","text":": Science of classification, identification, and naming of organisms."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Uses hierarchical categories: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/biology/sub_images/9ff9e972_image_12.png","alt":"Taxonomic hierarchy","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Three Domains of Life"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The broadest categories of life are the three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes (cells without a nucleus), while Eukarya are eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus)."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Bacteria"},{"type":"text","text":": Prokaryotic cells."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Archaea"},{"type":"text","text":": Prokaryotic cells."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Eukarya"},{"type":"text","text":": Eukaryotic cells (with nucleus)."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/biology/sub_images/9ff9e972_image_13.png","alt":"Three domains of life","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/biology/sub_images/9ff9e972_image_14.png","alt":"Phylogenetic tree of domains","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Kingdoms of Eukarya"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Domain Eukarya is subdivided into kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista. Each kingdom has unique characteristics."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Animalia"},{"type":"text","text":": Multicellular, heterotrophic."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Plantae"},{"type":"text","text":": Multicellular, autotrophic."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Fungi"},{"type":"text","text":": Mostly multicellular, decomposers."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Protista"},{"type":"text","text":": Unicellular or multicellular, diverse."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/biology/sub_images/9ff9e972_image_15.png","alt":"Kingdoms of Domain Eukarya","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Categorizing Life Based on Energy Acquisition"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Organisms are categorized by how they acquire energy: autotrophs (producers), heterotrophs (consumers), and decomposers."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Autotrophs"},{"type":"text","text":": Make their own food (producers)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Heterotrophs"},{"type":"text","text":": Eat other organisms (consumers)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Decomposers"},{"type":"text","text":": Obtain energy from wastes and dead organisms."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Most energy originates from the sun; energy transfer results in loss as heat."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/biology/sub_images/9ff9e972_image_16.png","alt":"Energy flow in ecosystem","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The Scientific Method"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Process of Scientific Inquiry"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The scientific method is a systematic procedure used to answer questions, test ideas, and build scientific knowledge. It begins with observation and a question, followed by hypothesis, prediction, experimentation, analysis, and conclusion."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Observation"},{"type":"text","text":": Noticing phenomena."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Question"},{"type":"text","text":": Asking why or how."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Hypothesis"},{"type":"text","text":": Proposed, testable explanation."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Prediction"},{"type":"text","text":": Expected outcome."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Experiment"},{"type":"text","text":": Testing the hypothesis."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Analysis"},{"type":"text","text":": Interpreting data."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Conclusion"},{"type":"text","text":": Accepting or rejecting hypothesis."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Peer Review & Publish"},{"type":"text","text":": Sharing results."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/biology/sub_images/9ff9e972_image_17.png","alt":"Steps of the scientific method","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/biology/sub_images/9ff9e972_image_18.png","alt":"Observation, prediction, hypothesis, theory example","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Basic Theories of Biology"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Three fundamental theories underpin biology: cell theory, homeostasis, and evolution."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Cell Theory"},{"type":"text","text":": All organisms are made of cells; all cells come from preexisting cells."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Homeostasis"},{"type":"text","text":": Organisms maintain a consistent internal environment."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Evolution"},{"type":"text","text":": All organisms evolved from a single common ancestor."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/biology/sub_images/9ff9e972_image_19.png","alt":"Basic theories of biology","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Experimental Design"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Variables in Experiments"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Experiments are designed to test hypotheses by manipulating variables. The independent variable is changed by the researcher, while the dependent variable is measured."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Independent Variable"},{"type":"text","text":": Changed by the researcher (e.g., amount of water)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Dependent Variable"},{"type":"text","text":": Measured by the researcher (e.g., plant growth)."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/biology/sub_images/9ff9e972_image_20.png","alt":"Variables in plant growth experiment","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/biology/sub_images/9ff9e972_image_21.png","alt":"Table of variable types","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Controls and False Positives/Negatives"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Control groups are essential to prevent false positives and negatives. Negative controls expect no response, while positive controls expect a response."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Negative Control"},{"type":"text","text":": No response expected; prevents false positives."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Positive Control"},{"type":"text","text":": Response expected; prevents false negatives."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Control groups should only differ from the experimental group in the factor being tested."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/biology/sub_images/9ff9e972_image_22.png","alt":"Table 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