Question 1

Refer to the first image. Which part of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophilic, and which is hydrophobic?

Accepted Answer

The heads are hydrophilic and the tails are hydrophobic.

Question 2

In the second image, which labeled structure (A-F) represents cholesterol, and what is its primary function in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

F; it stabilizes membrane fluidity across temperature changes.

Question 3

Which process is illustrated in the third image, and what is the main difference between the two proteins shown?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion; the left protein is a channel protein, the right is a carrier protein.

Question 4

The fourth image shows a membrane protein binding a specific molecule. What function does this protein most likely serve?

Accepted Answer

Signal transduction

Question 5

In the fifth image, what is the primary function of the membrane proteins shown?

Accepted Answer

Cell-cell recognition

Question 6

The sixth image shows two membrane proteins joined together. What is the function of this structure?

Accepted Answer

Intercellular joining

Question 7

Refer to the seventh image. What is the function of the protein shown interacting with the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix?

Accepted Answer

Attachment to the cytoskeleton and ECM

Question 8

Based on the eighth image, what is the difference between a glycoprotein and a glycolipid?

Accepted Answer

A glycoprotein is a protein with a carbohydrate attached; a glycolipid is a lipid with a carbohydrate attached.

Question 9

The ninth image shows a protein catalyzing a reaction at the membrane. What is the function of this protein?

Accepted Answer

Enzymatic activity

Question 10

Refer to the tenth image. What is the pathway of a glycoprotein from synthesis to its final position in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Rough ER → Golgi apparatus → vesicle → plasma membrane

Question 11

The eleventh image shows a type of membrane transport. Which process is depicted, and what is the direction of solute movement?

Accepted Answer

Simple diffusion; solute moves from high to low concentration

Question 12

In the twelfth image, what is the role of the channel protein in membrane transport?

Accepted Answer

It allows specific solutes to cross the membrane via facilitated diffusion.

Question 13

The thirteenth image shows carrier proteins. How do carrier proteins differ from channel proteins in facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Carrier proteins change shape to move solutes across the membrane; channel proteins form open pores.

Question 14

Refer to the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth images. What type of solution is each cell in, and what is the net movement of water?

Accepted Answer

14: Hypotonic, water moves in; 15: Isotonic, no net movement; 16: Hypertonic, water moves out.

Question 15

The seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth images show red blood cells in different solutions. Which image shows a cell in a hypertonic solution, and what happens to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Nineteenth image; the cell shrivels as water leaves.

Question 16

The twentieth, twenty-first, and twenty-second images show plant cells in different solutions. Which environment is ideal for plant cells, and why?

Accepted Answer

Twentieth image (hypotonic); turgor pressure keeps the cell firm.

Question 17

The twenty-third image shows a vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane. What process is this, and what is its function?

Accepted Answer

Exocytosis; it exports macromolecules from the cell.

Question 18

The twenty-fourth image shows a highly specific form of endocytosis. What is this process called?

Accepted Answer

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 19

The twenty-fifth, twenty-sixth, and twenty-seventh images show the sodium-potassium pump. What is the net movement of ions and ATP usage per cycle?

Accepted Answer

$3$ Na$^+$ ions out, $2$ K$^+$ ions in, $1$ ATP used per cycle.

Question 20

The twenty-eighth image shows a proton pump and a cotransporter. What is the role of ATP in this process?

Accepted Answer

ATP powers the proton pump, creating a gradient used for cotransport of sucrose.

Question 21

The twenty-ninth image shows a hormone traveling through the bloodstream. What type of signaling is this?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine signaling

Question 22

The thirtieth image shows a neuron releasing neurotransmitters. What type of signaling is this?

Accepted Answer

Synaptic signaling

Question 23

The thirty-first image shows a signaling cell affecting nearby target cells. What type of signaling is this?

Accepted Answer

Paracrine signaling

Question 24

The thirty-second image shows gap junctions and plasmodesmata. What is the main function of these structures?

Accepted Answer

They allow direct communication between adjacent cells.

Chapter 5 Study Guide

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