Question 1

Which of the following best describes the nutritional mode of a methanogen living in a hydrothermal vent, based on the equation $$\mathrm{CO_2$ + 4H_2 \rightarrow CH_4$ + 2H_2O}$$?

Accepted Answer

Chemoautotroph

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with a bacterial infection caused by a Gram-negative bacterium. Which structural feature makes Gram-negative bacteria more threatening from a health perspective?

Accepted Answer

Presence of an additional outer membrane containing toxic compounds

Question 3

Which structure in a freshwater protist helps prevent the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment?

Accepted Answer

Contractile vacuole

Question 4

Which bacterial shape is most likely responsible for strep throat, based on the image of bacterial shapes?

Accepted Answer

Streptococci

Question 5

During phagocytosis, which cell organelle is responsible for digesting pathogens after they are engulfed?

Accepted Answer

Lysosome

Question 6

Which of the following is a unique method of obtaining nutrients and energy found only in Bacteria and Archaea?

Accepted Answer

Photoheterotrophy

Question 7

Amoeba move by extending parts of their cell membrane and cytoplasm. What is this method of movement called?

Accepted Answer

Pseudopods

Question 8

Which immune cell is primarily responsible for attacking invaders outside the cells, as shown in the cartoon diagram?

Accepted Answer

B cell

Question 9

What is the main function of the pellicle in protists such as Euglena?

Accepted Answer

Protection and structural support

Question 10

Which process allows prokaryotes to exchange genetic material directly through cell-to-cell contact?

Accepted Answer

Conjugation

Question 11

Which of the following is a major difference between active and passive immunity, as shown in the acquired immunity diagram?

Accepted Answer

Active immunity results in your cells making antibodies

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of antibodies produced during the humoral immune response?

Accepted Answer

Bind to antigens and help phagocytes perform phagocytosis

Question 13

Which environmental condition would most likely favor the formation of endospores in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Harsh or unfavorable conditions

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a typical external barrier used by the innate immune system to prevent pathogen entry?

Accepted Answer

Antibodies

Question 15

Which type of immunity is triggered by the secondary immune response, resulting in a faster and stronger reaction to a previously encountered antigen?

Accepted Answer

Adaptive immunity

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response?

Accepted Answer

Send chemical signals to activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells

Question 17

Which of the following is a hypersensitive reaction to an ordinarily harmless antigen, often involving histamine release?

Accepted Answer

Allergy

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-world application of prokaryotes in environmental cleanup?

Accepted Answer

Bioremediation

Question 19

Which protist structure allows for detection of light and is especially useful for photosynthetic protists?

Accepted Answer

Eyespot

Question 20

Which bacterial group is capable of plantlike, oxygen-generating photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation?

Accepted Answer

Cyanobacteria

Microorganisms and Immunity: Protists, Prokaryotes, and the Immune System

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