Q: If a DNA strand has the sequence $$5'\text{–}ATGCGT\text{–}3'$$, what will be the sequence of the mRNA transcribed from it?

$$5'\text{–}AUGCGU\text{–}3'$$

Q: Which of the following equations represents the process of translation?

$$\text{mRNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the Central Dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins.

Question 2

During transcription, which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the RNA strand from the DNA template?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase

Question 3

Which chemical bond holds amino acids together in a protein’s primary structure?

Accepted Answer

Peptide bond

Question 4

A mutation changes a DNA sequence from ATTGCC to ATCGCC. What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Substitution

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the cell?

Accepted Answer

Genetic information storage

Question 6

What is the correct sequence of events in eukaryotic mRNA processing?

Accepted Answer

Add 5’ cap, add Poly(A) tail, remove introns

Question 7

If a DNA strand has the sequence $$5'	ext{–}ATGCGT	ext{–}3'$$, what will be the sequence of the mRNA transcribed from it?

Accepted Answer

$$5'	ext{–}AUGCGU	ext{–}3'$$

Question 8

Which of the following statements about ribosomes is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes are composed of rRNA and proteins and are the site of protein synthesis.

Question 9

A codon is defined as:

Accepted Answer

A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why the genetic code is considered 'degenerate'?

Accepted Answer

Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid.

Question 11

During translation, what is the role of tRNA?

Accepted Answer

Transfers amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome

Question 12

Which step of transcription involves RNA polymerase binding to the promoter region?

Accepted Answer

Initiation

Question 13

A patient has a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the gene coding for hemoglobin. Which structural level of protein is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Question 14

Which sugar is found in the backbone of RNA?

Accepted Answer

Ribose

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct pairing of DNA and RNA nitrogenous bases?

Accepted Answer

DNA: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine; RNA: Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

Question 16

If a mutation causes an intron to remain in the mature mRNA, what is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The protein may be nonfunctional due to incorrect amino acid sequence.

Question 17

Which of the following equations represents the process of translation?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{mRNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 18

A scientist is studying a cell that lacks ribosomes. Which process will be directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Translation

Question 19

Which of the following is TRUE about the quaternary structure of proteins?

Accepted Answer

It is formed by the interaction of multiple polypeptide chains.

Question 20

A polypeptide is synthesized with the following mRNA sequence: $$5'	ext{–}AUG UUU GGC UAA	ext{–}3'. $$Using the genetic code, what is the resulting amino acid sequence?

Accepted Answer

Met–Phe–Gly–Stop

Protein Synthesis: From DNA to Functional Proteins

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