Question 1

Which of the following best describes the product produced at the complete end of transcription in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

A pre-mRNA strand containing both exons and introns

Question 2

Alternative splicing allows a single gene to:

Accepted Answer

Produce multiple types of polypeptides by including or excluding different exons

Question 3

Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for the rapid cellular response to environmental changes by activating pre-existing proteins?

Accepted Answer

Post-translational control

Question 4

A scientist wants to silence a gene in a plant to prevent browning after it is cut. Which biotechnology tool is most likely used?

Accepted Answer

RNA interference (RNAi)

Question 5

Which of the following statements about microRNAs (miRNAs) is correct?

Accepted Answer

miRNAs bind to complementary mRNA sequences to block translation or cause degradation

Question 6

What is the main difference between a genetically modified organism (GMO) and a transgenic organism?

Accepted Answer

Transgenic organisms contain genes from another species, while GMOs may or may not

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why GloFish fluoresce under certain light conditions?

Accepted Answer

They express an inherited fluorescent protein gene derived from marine organisms

Question 8

A hybrid gene is created by combining the regulatory sequence of a goat's beta casein gene with the coding sequence of the human antithrombin gene. What is the purpose of the regulatory sequence in this context?

Accepted Answer

To control when, where, and how much of the protein is produced

Question 9

Which of the following is a real-world application of transgenic animals in medicine?

Accepted Answer

Producing human antithrombin protein in goat milk

Question 10

Which process is illustrated by the following sequence: DNA → pre-mRNA → mature mRNA → polypeptide → active protein?

Accepted Answer

Gene expression

Question 11

A patient with antithrombin deficiency is at risk for which medical condition?

Accepted Answer

Thrombosis (blood clots restricting blood flow)

Question 12

Which of the following equations best represents the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

$$DNA \rightarrow RNA \rightarrow Protein$$

Question 13

Which of the following is a consequence of post-translational modification?

Accepted Answer

A protein is phosphorylated to become active

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

They protect against viruses and transposable elements by silencing gene expression

Question 15

A researcher uses RNA interference to study the function of a gene. What is the expected outcome?

Accepted Answer

Decreased expression of the target gene

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of post-translational control?

Accepted Answer

Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why Arctic apples do not brown as quickly as conventional apples?

Accepted Answer

A gene for polyphenol oxidase is silenced, reducing browning

Question 18

Which of the following steps occurs during RNA processing in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Addition of a 5' cap and a poly-A tail to pre-mRNA

Question 19

Which of the following is a direct result of alternative splicing in the tropomyosin gene?

Accepted Answer

Production of multiple forms of tropomyosin in different tissues

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of the RISC protein complex in RNA interference?

Accepted Answer

It binds to miRNA and guides it to complementary mRNA to silence gene expression

Regulation of Gene Expression and Genetic Biotechnology

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