Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the hydrolysis of ATP during muscle contraction?

$$\mathrm{ATP} + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} \rightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P}_i + \text{energy}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of ligaments in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Ligaments connect bone to bone, stabilizing joints.

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with osteoporosis. Which of the following best explains the underlying cause of this condition?

Accepted Answer

Impaired bone remodeling causes bone and mineral withdrawals to exceed replacements, resulting in porous bones.

Question 3

Which type of joint allows for movement in all directions, such as the shoulder or hip?

Accepted Answer

Ball-and-socket joint

Question 4

During muscle contraction, what is the role of ATP in the sliding-filament model?

Accepted Answer

ATP binds to myosin, causing the myosin head to detach from actin and reset for another power stroke.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why bones are both strong and flexible?

Accepted Answer

Bones contain a matrix of flexible collagen fibers embedded in a hard mineral matrix of calcium and phosphate.

Question 6

A person is unable to move their arm after a severe injury. X-rays show no broken bones, but the arm is unstable at the joint. Which structure is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Ligament

Question 7

Which of the following equations correctly represents the hydrolysis of ATP during muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{ATP} + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} ightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P}_i + 	ext{energy}$$

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of calcium ions ($$\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}) in $$muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Calcium ions cause regulatory proteins on actin to move, exposing binding sites for myosin.

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the transmission of a nerve impulse across a chemical synapse?

Accepted Answer

Neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic neuron, crosses the synaptic cleft, and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.

Question 10

A person with Parkinson’s disease has a deficiency of which neurotransmitter in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Question 11

Which of the following best explains the function of the sodium-potassium pump in neurons?

Accepted Answer

It uses ATP to actively transport sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell, maintaining the resting membrane potential.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about the resting membrane potential of a neuron is correct?

Accepted Answer

The inside of the neuron is more negative than the outside due to the distribution of ions.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the propagation of an action potential along a myelinated axon?

Accepted Answer

The action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next, increasing conduction speed.

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of the cerebrospinal fluid in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

It cushions the brain and spinal cord, and supplies nutrients, hormones, and white blood cells.

Question 15

A person is unable to extend their arm after a nerve injury. Which part of the nervous system is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the difference between a neuron and a nerve?

Accepted Answer

A neuron is a single nerve cell, while a nerve is a bundle of axons from many neurons.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why muscle pairs are arranged antagonistically on the skeleton?

Accepted Answer

To allow for both contraction and relaxation, enabling movement in opposite directions.

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct order of events during an action potential in a neuron?

Accepted Answer

Sodium gates open, sodium enters the cell, inside becomes more positive (depolarization).

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of glial cells in the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

They support, protect, and nourish neurons.

Skeletal, Muscular, and Nervous Systems: Structure and Function

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