Q: Which of the following best describes the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?

$$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

Which process is responsible for converting the genetic information stored in DNA into an RNA molecule?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Question 2

Why do different cell types (e.g., neurons and skin cells) in a multicellular organism look and function differently, even though they contain the same DNA?

Accepted Answer

They express different sets of genes, leading to different proteins being produced.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 4

During transcription, which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the RNA strand?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase

Question 5

What is the main function of mRNA in the process of gene expression?

Accepted Answer

It carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

Question 6

Which of the following modifications occur to eukaryotic pre-mRNA before it is exported from the nucleus?

Accepted Answer

Addition of a 5’ cap, addition of a 3’ poly-A tail, and splicing of introns

Question 7

A point mutation changes the codon AGC to AGA. What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Missense

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why mRNA vaccines (such as those for COVID-19) are effective?

Accepted Answer

They provide your cells with mRNA instructions to make a viral protein, which triggers an immune response.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a function of the 5’ cap added to eukaryotic mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Coding for amino acids in the protein

Question 10

What is the role of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

It carries specific amino acids to the ribosome, matching its anticodon to the mRNA codon.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about alternative splicing is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

It allows a single gene to code for multiple protein isoforms.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes a codon?

Accepted Answer

A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid

Question 13

During translation, what happens when a ribosome encounters a stop codon?

Accepted Answer

A release factor binds, causing the polypeptide to be released.

Question 14

Which of the following is a consequence of a frameshift mutation?

Accepted Answer

The reading frame of the mRNA is altered, potentially changing every amino acid downstream.

Question 15

In prokaryotes, how are transcription and translation related?

Accepted Answer

They are coupled, with translation beginning before transcription is finished.

Question 16

Which bonds are broken when RNA polymerase 'unzips' DNA during transcription initiation?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds

Question 17

A mutation changes a codon from UAU (tyrosine) to UAA (stop codon). What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-world example of the central dogma in action?

Accepted Answer

The use of mRNA vaccines to produce viral proteins in human cells

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a type of RNA directly involved in translation?

Accepted Answer

snRNA

Question 20

If a DNA template strand has the sequence 5’-TACGGT-3’, what is the sequence of the RNA transcript produced?

Accepted Answer

5’-AUGCCA-3’

The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology: Transcription and Translation

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