Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine signaling?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine signaling acts on distant tissues via the bloodstream, paracrine signaling acts on nearby cells, and autocrine signaling acts on the same cell that secreted the signal.

Question 2

Which hormone is primarily responsible for lowering blood glucose levels after a meal?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 3

A patient presents with symptoms of fatigue, weight gain, and brittle hair. Blood tests reveal low levels of thyroxine ($$T_4). $$What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Hypothyroidism

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct sequence in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during stress?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamus releases CRH → Anterior pituitary releases ACTH → Adrenal cortex releases cortisol

Question 5

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and increases water reabsorption in the kidneys during exercise?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 6

Steroid hormones, such as cortisol, exert their effects by:

Accepted Answer

Crossing the cell membrane and binding to intracellular receptors to alter gene expression

Question 7

During prolonged exercise, which of the following hormonal changes helps maintain blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Decreased insulin, increased glucagon, increased cortisol

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why peptide hormones (such as insulin) cannot cross the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

They are hydrophilic and must bind to surface receptors to exert their effects.

Question 9

Which hormone is released in response to low blood glucose and stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Question 10

A patient with an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) is likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Increased metabolism, difficulty gaining weight, and insomnia

Question 11

Which of the following is a direct effect of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) during exercise?

Accepted Answer

Increase in glycogenolysis and fatty acid mobilization

Question 12

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys, thus increasing blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for peptide hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to cell surface receptors and activate second messenger systems such as $$cAMP.$$

Question 14

Which of the following factors does NOT directly affect the concentration of a hormone in the plasma?

Accepted Answer

Number of mitochondria in target cells

Question 15

A person with Type II diabetes has high blood glucose but low cellular uptake of glucose. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

There is decreased sensitivity of insulin receptors on target cells (insulin resistance).

Question 16

Which hormone is released in response to stress and increases gluconeogenesis, fatty acid mobilization, and protein breakdown?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 17

Which of the following is a permissive hormone that allows other hormones to exert their full effect during exercise?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 18

During moderate intensity exercise, which of the following hormonal changes would you expect?

Accepted Answer

Decrease in insulin, increase in glucagon, increase in catecholamines

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of binding proteins in hormone circulation?

Accepted Answer

They provide a reservoir for hormones and extend their half-life.

The Endocrine System and Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism

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