Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts leading to body surfaces or cavities, while endocrine glands release hormones into the extracellular fluid to diffuse into the bloodstream.

Question 2

A patient presents with excessive urine production and dehydration. Laboratory tests reveal a deficiency in a hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. Which hormone is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 3

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the action of a lipid-soluble hormone?

Accepted Answer

Hormone diffuses through plasma membrane → Binds to intracellular receptor → Hormone-receptor complex binds DNA → Gene activation

Question 4

Which hormone is responsible for lowering blood calcium levels, and what is one of its mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin; stimulates absorption of calcium by bone

Question 5

A person with Graves’ disease is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Increased metabolic rate, sweating, and exophthalmos

Question 6

Which hormone is produced by the adrenal cortex and is primarily responsible for regulating sodium and potassium balance?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 7

A patient with Cushing’s syndrome is most likely to have which of the following laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

High cortisol levels and redistribution of body fat

Question 8

Which of the following best explains the mechanism of action for water-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to receptors on the cell surface, activating second messengers such as cAMP.

Question 9

Which hormone is secreted by the pancreas to increase blood glucose levels, and what is one of its actions?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon; promotes conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback mechanism in the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

Release of oxytocin during childbirth to intensify uterine contractions

Question 11

A child is diagnosed with pituitary dwarfism. Which hormone is most likely deficient, and what is a distinguishing feature of this condition compared to other forms of dwarfism?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH); it can be treated by administering GH in childhood

Question 12

Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland and is associated with the regulation of sleep and seasonal affective disorder (SAD)?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the antagonistic interaction between hormones?

Accepted Answer

The effect of one hormone opposes the effect of another hormone.

Question 14

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the production of mature sperm in males and milk production in females?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin (PRL)

Question 15

A patient has an enlarged thyroid gland but normal thyroid hormone levels. Which condition is most likely present, and what is a common cause?

Accepted Answer

Simple goiter; iodine deficiency

Question 16

Which hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands and increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of glucocorticoids such as cortisol?

Accepted Answer

Promote the conversion of fat and protein into glucose

Question 18

Which hormone is produced by the thymus gland and is essential for the maturation of T lymphocytes?

Accepted Answer

Thymosin

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of prostaglandins compared to endocrine hormones?

Accepted Answer

Prostaglandins act locally and rapidly on adjacent cells, while endocrine hormones act on distant target cells.

Question 20

A patient with Addison’s disease is likely to have which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Bronzing of the skin, weight loss, and poor resistance to stress

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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