Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity is present before any exposure to pathogens and provides a rapid, nonspecific response, while adaptive immunity develops after exposure and provides a slower, specific response.

Question 2

Which structure is responsible for the maturation of T lymphocytes?

Accepted Answer

Thymus

Question 3

A patient receives a kidney transplant but experiences immune rejection. Which molecule is most likely involved in this process?

Accepted Answer

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Question 4

Which of the following is a function of neutrophils in the innate immune system?

Accepted Answer

Engulfing and destroying pathogens via phagocytosis

Question 5

What is the primary role of interferon proteins in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Providing defense against viruses and activating macrophages

Question 6

During an inflammatory response, which cell releases histamine to increase blood vessel permeability?

Accepted Answer

Mast cell

Question 7

Which equation best represents the diversity of antibody sequences generated by B cells?

Accepted Answer

$$10^{16}$$

Question 8

A B cell receptor is composed of which structural components?

Accepted Answer

Two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains

Question 9

Which process allows the immune system to assemble a vast array of antigen receptors?

Accepted Answer

DNA rearrangement

Question 10

What is the function of memory cells in the adaptive immune response?

Accepted Answer

They provide a faster and more efficient response upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen.

Question 11

Which immune response is responsible for neutralizing pathogens in body fluids?

Accepted Answer

Humoral immune response

Question 12

Helper T cells play a central role in immunity by:

Accepted Answer

Triggering both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of cytotoxic T cell action?

Accepted Answer

They recognize infected cells via Class I MHC molecules and induce apoptosis.

Question 14

Which process is illustrated by the equation $$	ext{Ag} + 	ext{Ab} ightarrow 	ext{Ag-Ab complex}$$?

Accepted Answer

Antigen-antibody complex formation

Question 15

A person with Type O blood receives Type A blood. What immune response is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Antibody-mediated cytotoxic reaction leading to hemolysis.

Question 16

Which immunoglobulin class is primarily involved in allergic reactions?

Accepted Answer

IgE

Question 17

Which of the following is a characteristic of monoclonal antibodies?

Accepted Answer

They are prepared from a single B cell clone and have uniform specificity.

Question 18

Which equation represents the threshold for AIDS diagnosis based on CD4+ T cell count?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{CD4}^+ 	ext{T cell count} \u003c 200 \, 	ext{cells}/\mu	ext{L}$$

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why vaccines often require adjuvants?

Accepted Answer

Adjuvants enhance or prolong the immune response to poorly immunogenic antigens.

LECTURE 21 STUDY GUIDE

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