Question 1

Which of the following best describes the structure shown in the first image, and what is its functional significance in flat bones such as those of the skull?

Accepted Answer

It is a layer of spongy bone (diploë) sandwiched between two layers of compact bone, which provides strength and shock absorption.

Question 2

Referencing the second image, what is the primary function of the trabeculae in spongy bone?

Accepted Answer

To form a lattice-like network that supports bone marrow and helps distribute mechanical stress.

Question 3

In the third image, which structure is responsible for attaching muscle to bone, and what is its composition?

Accepted Answer

Tendon; composed of tough connective tissue containing collagen.

Question 4

Based on the fourth image, which sequence correctly represents the stages of bone fracture healing?

Accepted Answer

Hematoma formation → Fibrocartilaginous callus formation → Bony callus formation → Bone remodeling

Question 5

Which of the following equations best represents the process of bone mineralization during bone formation?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{Ca^{2+} + PO_4^{3-} \rightarrow Ca_3(PO_4)_2}$

Question 6

Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to raise blood calcium levels, and what is the effect on bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases bone resorption

Question 7

A patient with osteoporosis is most likely experiencing which of the following at the cellular level?

Accepted Answer

Prolonged imbalance with increased osteoclast activity and decreased osteoblast activity

Question 8

Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of movement and is found at the shoulder and hip?

Accepted Answer

Ball and socket joint

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why ligaments and tendons heal slowly after injury?

Accepted Answer

They have few cells and a poor blood supply.

Question 10

During childhood, long bones grow in length primarily due to the activity at which structure?

Accepted Answer

Epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of hyaline cartilage in the skeletal system?

Accepted Answer

Covers and protects the ends of long bones in joints, reducing friction

Question 12

Which bone cell type is responsible for breaking down bone tissue during remodeling?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclast

Question 13

A child is diagnosed with a condition where the fontanels of the skull close prematurely. What is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Restricted brain growth and development

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of fibrocartilage in the skeletal system?

Accepted Answer

Forms intervertebral disks and menisci, providing support under pressure

Question 15

Which process is responsible for the replacement of cartilage with bone during fetal development?

Accepted Answer

Osteoblast-mediated ossification

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why weight-bearing exercise increases bone mass and strength?

Accepted Answer

It causes compressive stress, generating electrical currents that stimulate osteoblasts to deposit new bone.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a function of bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Hormone secretion

Question 18

A patient presents with joint pain and swelling. Laboratory tests reveal inflammation of the synovial membrane. Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between ligaments and tendons?

Accepted Answer

Ligaments attach bone to bone; tendons attach muscle to bone.

The Skeletal System: Structure, Function, and Maintenance

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