Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the nephron in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

To filter blood, reabsorb valuable solutes, and secrete wastes to form urine

Question 2

Which hormone is secreted by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production, and what is its primary target?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin; targets the bone marrow

Question 3

A patient presents with glucose in their urine. Which process in the nephron has likely reached its maximum capacity?

Accepted Answer

Tubular reabsorption

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct sequence of blood flow through the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Renal artery → Afferent arteriole → Glomerulus → Efferent arteriole

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why urea is excreted in urine rather than ammonia in mammals?

Accepted Answer

Urea is less toxic and can be concentrated for excretion with minimal water loss

Question 6

Which part of the nephron is impermeable to water, even in the presence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Accepted Answer

Ascending limb of the nephron loop

Question 7

A person is severely dehydrated. Which hormone will be released to increase water reabsorption in the kidneys, and where does it act?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); acts on the distal tubule and collecting duct

Question 8

Which of the following is a function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Monitoring blood pressure and secreting renin

Question 9

Which of the following urine characteristics would most likely indicate severe dehydration?

Accepted Answer

Amber or dark brown urine

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the effect of atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Promotes sodium and water excretion, lowering blood pressure

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a normal constituent of freshly voided urine?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 12

A patient is experiencing metabolic acidosis. Which of the following lab results would you expect?

Accepted Answer

Decreased pH and decreased $$\mathrm{$$HCO_3$$^-}$$

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why birds excrete uric acid instead of urea or ammonia?

Accepted Answer

Uric acid is less toxic and conserves water, which is important for egg-laying animals

Question 14

Which of the following ions is most abundant in the extracellular fluid and is primarily regulated by aldosterone?

Accepted Answer

Sodium ($$\mathrm{Na^+})$$

Question 15

Which process in the nephron is responsible for moving substances such as hydrogen ions, potassium ions, and certain drugs from the blood into the filtrate?

Accepted Answer

Tubular secretion

Question 16

A person with a genetic disorder that prevents the conversion of ammonia to urea would most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of toxic ammonia in the blood

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of the loop of Henle in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

It establishes a concentration gradient in the medulla to allow for water reabsorption

Question 18

Which of the following would most likely occur if the collecting ducts of the nephron became completely impermeable to water?

Accepted Answer

Urine volume would increase dramatically, leading to dehydration

Question 19

Which of the following is a direct effect of angiotensin II in the body?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure

Question 20

A patient with chronic kidney failure is undergoing hemodialysis. Which of the following best describes the purpose of this treatment?

Accepted Answer

To artificially remove metabolic wastes and excess ions from the blood

The Urinary System: Structure, Function, and Homeostasis

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards