Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between the template and coding strands of DNA during transcription?

Accepted Answer

The template strand is used by RNA polymerase to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule.

Question 2

In bacteria, what is the primary role of the sigma factor during transcription initiation?

Accepted Answer

To recognize and bind to promoter sequences, positioning RNA polymerase correctly.

Question 3

Which sequence is typically found about 10 bases upstream of the transcription start site in bacterial promoters?

Accepted Answer

TATAAT

Question 4

During transcription in eukaryotes, which of the following is NOT a function of the 5' cap added to pre-mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Signals the end of translation

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why there are fewer tRNA molecules than codons?

Accepted Answer

Some tRNAs can recognize more than one codon due to wobble pairing.

Question 6

A mutation prevents the addition of a poly(A) tail to a eukaryotic mRNA. Which is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The mRNA will be rapidly degraded in the cytoplasm.

Question 7

Which of the following events occurs during the elongation phase of translation?

Accepted Answer

A peptide bond forms between the amino acid in the A site and the growing polypeptide in the P site.

Question 8

Which enzyme is responsible for attaching amino acids to their corresponding tRNAs?

Accepted Answer

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

Question 9

In eukaryotic cells, where does translation occur?

Accepted Answer

On ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Question 10

Which of the following statements about post-translational modification is correct?

Accepted Answer

It can involve the addition of phosphate groups to proteins, altering their activity.

Question 11

A bacterial gene has a mutation in the -10 box of its promoter. What is the most likely effect?

Accepted Answer

Sigma factor will not recognize the promoter, reducing transcription initiation.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of the spliceosome?

Accepted Answer

It removes introns from pre-mRNA and joins exons together.

Question 13

During translation, what is the role of the E site in the ribosome?

Accepted Answer

It is the exit site for tRNAs that have released their amino acids.

Question 14

Which of the following is a key difference between transcription in bacteria and eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotes have multiple RNA polymerases, while bacteria have only one.

Question 15

A scientist adds a radioactive amino acid to a cell culture. Where would you expect to find the radioactivity first if proteins are being synthesized?

Accepted Answer

In the ribosomes

Question 16

Which of the following is true about the direction of RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase?

Accepted Answer

RNA is synthesized in the 5' → 3' direction.

Question 17

What is the immediate result if a stop codon is mutated to code for an amino acid in a gene?

Accepted Answer

The resulting protein will be longer than normal.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why translation and transcription can be coupled in bacteria but not in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

In bacteria, both processes occur in the cytoplasm, while in eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm.

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of molecular chaperones in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

They guide and speed up the folding of newly synthesized proteins.

Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation: From Gene to Protein

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