Q: Which equation correctly represents the direction of RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase?

$$\text{RNA synthesis: 5'' \rightarrow 3''}$$

Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the role of sigma protein in bacterial transcription initiation?

Accepted Answer

Sigma protein recognizes promoter regions and orients RNA polymerase to the correct DNA strand.

Question 2

During transcription in bacteria, what is the significance of the -10 and -35 promoter regions?

Accepted Answer

They are recognized by sigma protein to initiate transcription.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the direction of RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{RNA synthesis: 5'' ightarrow 3''}$$

Question 4

What is the primary difference between transcription termination in bacteria and eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Bacteria use a hairpin loop, while eukaryotes use a poly(A) signal.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why RNA polymerase does not require a primer to begin transcription?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase can add nucleotides to a free 3''-OH group without a primer.

Question 6

A mutation in the TATA box of a eukaryotic promoter would most likely result in:

Accepted Answer

Reduced transcription initiation due to poor promoter recognition.

Question 7

Which of the following is TRUE regarding RNA processing in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

A 5'' cap and a poly(A) tail are added to the pre-mRNA.

Question 8

What is the function of the spliceosome during RNA processing?

Accepted Answer

It removes introns and joins exons together.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the outcome of alternative splicing?

Accepted Answer

It allows a single gene to produce multiple mRNAs and proteins.

Question 10

During bacterial transcription, what causes RNA polymerase to detach from the DNA template?

Accepted Answer

Formation of a hairpin structure in the RNA transcript.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a function of the 5'' cap added to eukaryotic mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Facilitates splicing of introns.

Question 12

If a eukaryotic cell fails to add a poly(A) tail to its mRNA, what is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The mRNA will be rapidly degraded and translation will be inefficient.

Question 13

Which of the following equations represents the addition of nucleotides during transcription?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{NTPs} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} + 	ext{PP}_i$$

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why mature mRNA contains untranslated regions (UTRs) at both ends?

Accepted Answer

UTRs regulate translation efficiency and mRNA stability.

Question 15

A scientist heats viral DNA to form single-stranded DNA and incubates it with viral mRNA. Loops form along the hybrid molecules. What do these loops represent?

Accepted Answer

Introns not present in the mature mRNA.

Question 16

Which of the following is a key difference between bacterial and eukaryotic transcription?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotes have multiple RNA polymerases, while bacteria have only one.

Question 17

Which of the following steps occurs LAST during eukaryotic mRNA processing?

Accepted Answer

Addition of the poly(A) tail.

Question 18

Which of the following is TRUE about the coding strand of DNA during transcription?

Accepted Answer

Its sequence matches the mRNA except for U replacing T.

Question 19

What is the role of snRNPs in RNA splicing?

Accepted Answer

They bind to exon-intron boundaries and catalyze intron removal.

Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation: Mechanisms and Regulation

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