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CHM 211; CH.4: Solutions, Reactions, and Redox

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Terms in this set (26)

  • What is a solution composed of?
    A solution is composed of a solvent that solvates a solute. For example, water is a solvent in aqueous solutions.
  • What happens to ionic compounds in aqueous solutions?
    Ionic compounds dissociate into individual ions in aqueous solutions due to water's high polarity.
  • Define molarity (M).
    Molarity is the concentration of a solution expressed as moles of solute per liter of solution: \(M=\frac{mol}{L}\).
  • How do you calculate moles of ions from moles of ionic compound?
    Use the dissociation equation to multiply moles of compound by the number of ions produced per formula unit.
  • What is the dilution equation?
    Dilution is calculated using \(M_iV_i=M_fV_f\), where initial and final molarity and volume are related.
  • What is a double displacement (salt metathesis) reaction?
    A reaction where ions exchange between two ionic compounds, often forming a precipitate.
  • What is a total ionic equation?
    An equation showing all soluble ionic substances dissociated into ions.
  • What are spectator ions?
    Ions that do not participate in the chemical change and appear unchanged on both sides of the ionic equation.
  • What is a net ionic equation?
    An equation showing only the ions and compounds directly involved in the chemical reaction, excluding spectator ions.
  • What do solubility rules predict?
    They predict whether an ionic compound is soluble or will form a precipitate in water.
  • Name three generally soluble ionic compounds.
    Group 1 salts, ammonium salts (NH4+), and nitrates (NO3−) are generally soluble.
  • What is a neutralization reaction?
    A double displacement reaction between an acid and a base forming water and an ionic salt.
  • What defines a strong acid or base?
    Strong acids and bases completely dissociate into ions in aqueous solution, acting as strong electrolytes.
  • List six common strong acids.
    HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4 (first H only), and HClO4.
  • What are strong bases commonly composed of?
    Group 1 hydroxides (e.g., NaOH) and heavy Group 2 hydroxides (e.g., Ca(OH)2).
  • What is the difference between oxidation and reduction?
    Oxidation is loss of electrons; reduction is gain of electrons.
  • What is an oxidizing agent?
    A substance that causes oxidation by accepting electrons and is itself reduced.
  • What is a reducing agent?
    A substance that causes reduction by donating electrons and is itself oxidized.
  • What are oxidation numbers (O.N.)?
    Numerical values assigned to atoms to indicate electron loss or gain in compounds.
  • What is the oxidation number of oxygen in most compounds?
    Usually −2, except in peroxides or when bonded to fluorine.
  • What is the oxidation number of hydrogen?
    +1 when bonded to nonmetals, −1 when bonded to metals or metalloids.
  • What is a combination reaction?
    Two or more reactants combine to form one product.
  • What is a decomposition reaction?
    One reactant breaks down into two or more products.
  • What is a combustion reaction?
    An organic compound reacts with O2 producing CO2 and H2O, releasing energy.
  • What is a single displacement reaction?
    An element displaces another element from a compound, forming a new compound and elemental substance.
  • How do you classify redox reactions?
    As combination, decomposition, or displacement based on reactants and products.