General Chemistry Final Exam Reference Sheet: Equations, Constants, and Periodic Table

Exam Reference Information

Overview

This reference sheet provides essential equations, constants, and a periodic table for use during the General Chemistry final exam. It covers topics from Chapters 1 to 10, with emphasis on Chapters 6 to 10, and is designed to assist students in solving quantitative and conceptual problems.

Exam Instructions

• Duration: The exam lasts 3 hours and is worth a total of 80 points.

• Format: Includes short answer questions (40 points, 20 questions) and problems (40 points, 9 questions).

• Answering: All questions are answered directly on the exam paper.

• Scratch Work: The back of the exam may be used for calculations and notes.

• Reference Sheet: One equation sheet and one periodic table are provided at the end of the exam.

• Calculators: Only non-programmable calculators are allowed.

• Electronic Devices: No phones or smart devices are permitted.

Key Equations

Gas Laws and Thermodynamics

• Ideal Gas Law: Relates pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of gas. $PV = nRT$

• Root Mean Square Velocity: Average speed of gas molecules. $u_{rms} = \sqrt{\frac{3RT}{M}}$

• Change in Internal Energy: Relates heat and work. $\Delta U = q + w$

• Heat Transfer (Calorimetry): Used to calculate heat absorbed or released. $q = mC_p\Delta T$

Thermochemistry

• Enthalpy Change: Relates to internal energy and pressure-volume work. $\Delta H = \Delta U + P\Delta V$

• Standard Enthalpy Change: Sum of enthalpy changes for products and reactants. $\Delta H = \sum \Delta H_{\text{products}} - \sum \Delta H_{\text{reactants}}$

Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Structure

• Energy of a Photon: Relates energy to frequency. $E = h\nu$

• Energy of Electron in Hydrogen Atom: Bohr model energy levels. $E_n = -2.18 \times 10^{-18} \left( \frac{1}{n^2} \right)$

• Kinetic Energy: Classical mechanics formula. $E_{KE} = \frac{1}{2}mv^2$

Constants

• Avogadro's Number: $N_A = 6.022 \times 10^{23}$ mol-1

• Gas Constant: $R = 0.0821$ L·atm·mol-1·K-1 or $8.314$ J·mol-1·K-1

• Planck's Constant: $h = 6.626 \times 10^{-34}$ J·s

• Speed of Light: $c = 3.00 \times 10^8$ m/s

• Boltzmann Constant: $k = 1.3806 \times 10^{-23}$ J·K-1

• Faraday's Constant: $F = 96,485$ C·mol-1

Slater's Constants

Slater's rules are used to estimate the effective nuclear charge experienced by electrons in multi-electron atoms. The table below provides Slater's constants for different electron groups:

Group	Slater's Constant (σ)
1s	0.30
2s, 2p	0.35
3s, 3p	0.35
3d	0.35
4s, 4p	0.35
4d	0.35
4f	0.35

Periodic Table of the Elements

The periodic table is a fundamental reference for chemical elements, their symbols, atomic numbers, and periodic trends. It is essential for identifying element properties, electron configurations, and predicting chemical behavior.

• Groups: Vertical columns, indicating elements with similar chemical properties.

• Periods: Horizontal rows, indicating elements with the same number of electron shells.

• Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids: Classification based on physical and chemical properties.

Additional info: The periodic table provided includes all known elements, their symbols, and atomic numbers, which are crucial for solving stoichiometry, electron configuration, and periodic trend problems.

Example Applications

• Calculating Gas Volume: Use the ideal gas law to determine the volume of a gas at given temperature and pressure.

• Determining Energy of a Photon: Apply $E = h\nu$ to find the energy associated with electromagnetic radiation.

• Finding Effective Nuclear Charge: Use Slater's rules and constants to estimate $Z_{eff}$ for an electron in a multi-electron atom.