Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between an Arrhenius acid and a Brønsted-Lowry acid?

Accepted Answer

An Arrhenius acid generates $\mathrm{H^+}$ ions in water, while a Brønsted-Lowry acid donates a proton ($\mathrm{H^+}$) to another species.

Question 2

A buffer solution is prepared by mixing 0.50 mol of acetic acid ($\mathrm{CH_3COOH}$) and 0.50 mol of sodium acetate ($\mathrm{CH_3COONa}$) in 1.0 L of water. If the $K_a$ of acetic acid is $1.8 	imes 10^{-5}$, what is the pH of the buffer?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{pH} = 4.74$

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why the entropy ($S$) of the universe always increases according to the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

Accepted Answer

Because spontaneous processes result in a greater dispersal of energy and matter.

Question 4

A solution contains $0.10\,\mathrm{M}$ $\mathrm{NH_3}$ and $0.10\,\mathrm{M}$ $\mathrm{NH_4Cl}$. What will happen to the pH if a small amount of HCl is added?

Accepted Answer

The pH will decrease slightly, but the buffer will resist drastic change.

Question 5

Which equation correctly relates Gibbs free energy ($\Delta G$), enthalpy ($\Delta H$), entropy ($\Delta S$), and temperature ($T$)?

Accepted Answer

$\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S$

Question 6

Which of the following statements about electrochemical cells is correct?

Accepted Answer

In a galvanic cell, oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction occurs at the cathode.

Question 7

Which of the following elements has the highest first ionization energy?

Accepted Answer

Fluorine ($\mathrm{F}$)

Question 8

A student mixes solutions of $\mathrm{AgNO_3}$ and $\mathrm{NaCl}$, forming a precipitate. Which equilibrium constant describes the solubility of the precipitate?

Accepted Answer

Solubility product constant ($K_{sp}$)

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct statement about the trend in atomic radius for main-group elements?

Accepted Answer

Atomic radius increases down a group and decreases across a period.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes a ligand in coordination chemistry?

Accepted Answer

A ligand is a molecule or ion that donates electrons to a central metal atom to form a complex.

Question 11

Which of the following is the correct cell potential equation for a galvanic cell?

Accepted Answer

$E_{cell} = E_{cathode} - E_{anode}$

Question 12

Which of the following is true about the color of transition metal complexes?

Accepted Answer

The color depends on the splitting of d-orbitals and the strength of the ligand field.

Question 13

Which of the following is the correct expression for the equilibrium constant ($K_{sp}$) for the dissolution of $\mathrm{AgCl}$?

Accepted Answer

$K_{sp} = [\mathrm{Ag^+}][\mathrm{Cl^-}]$

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the effect of increasing temperature on the solubility of most salts in water?

Accepted Answer

Solubility increases with increasing temperature for most salts.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct statement about the relationship between $\Delta G$ and equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

If $\Delta G = 0$, the reaction is at equilibrium.

Question 16

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating pH from the concentration of $\mathrm{H^+}$ ions?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{pH} = -\log[\mathrm{H^+}]$

Question 17

Which of the following is a property of Group 1 (alkali) metals?

Accepted Answer

They are highly reactive and form $+1$ ions.

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct definition of a coordination complex?

Accepted Answer

A coordination complex is formed when a central metal atom is bonded to surrounding ligands.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about the effect of a catalyst on a chemical equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

A catalyst speeds up the attainment of equilibrium but does not change the equilibrium position.

General Chemistry Study Notes: Aqueous Equilibria, Thermodynamics, Electrochemistry, Main Group & Transition Elements

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