General Chemistry Tutorial 1: Matter, Measurement, and Atomic Structure – Step-by-Step Study Guidance

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q1. Which of the following represent elements and which represent compounds?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Classification of Matter"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the difference between elements (pure substances made of only one type of atom) and compounds (substances made of two or more different elements chemically combined)."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Element:"},{"type":"text","text":" A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Compound:"},{"type":"text","text":" A substance composed of two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Look at each formula or symbol and determine if it represents a single type of atom (element) or a combination of different atoms (compound)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall that chemical symbols with only one capital letter (e.g., H, P, Ga) are elements, while formulas with more than one type of element (e.g., CO, PH3, CS2) are compounds."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Be careful with symbols that look similar (e.g., Co is cobalt, an element; CO is carbon monoxide, a compound)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Classify each as either an element or a compound based on the above reasoning."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"a. H – Element"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"b. H2 – Element"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"c. CO – Compound"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"d. Co – Element"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"e. P4 – Element"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"f. PH3 – Compound"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"g. Ga – Element"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"h. CS2 – Compound"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Elements are made of only one type of atom, while compounds contain two or more different elements chemically bonded."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q2. Which of the following is a chemical property and which is a physical property?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Properties of Matter"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to distinguish between physical properties (which can be observed without changing the substance's identity) and chemical properties (which describe a substance's ability to undergo chemical changes)."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Physical Property:"},{"type":"text","text":" A characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's composition (e.g., color, melting point)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Chemical Property:"},{"type":"text","text":" A characteristic that describes a substance's ability to undergo a specific chemical change (e.g., flammability, reactivity)."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Read each statement and ask: Does this property involve a change in the substance's chemical identity?"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"If the property can be observed without changing what the substance is, it is physical. If it involves a chemical reaction or change, it is chemical."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Apply this reasoning to each example provided."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"a. Physical property (liquefaction is a physical change)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"b. Chemical property (burning involves a chemical reaction)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"c. Physical property (color is a physical characteristic)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"d. Chemical property (rusting is a chemical change)"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Physical properties do not change the substance's identity, while chemical properties describe its reactivity."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q3. Explain whether or not: (a) a solid can be a mixture, (b) a gas can be heterogeneous, (c) a mixture can be homogeneous"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Types of Matter – Mixtures and Pure Substances"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of mixtures (homogeneous and heterogeneous) and their possible physical states."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Mixture:"},{"type":"text","text":" A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Homogeneous Mixture:"},{"type":"text","text":" Uniform composition throughout (also called a solution)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Heterogeneous Mixture:"},{"type":"text","text":" Non-uniform composition; different parts can be seen."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"For each part, consider examples of solids, gases, and mixtures to determine if the described combination is possible."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall that mixtures can exist in any physical state (solid, liquid, gas) and can be homogeneous or heterogeneous."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Think of real-world examples to support your reasoning for each part."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"a. Yes, a solid can be a mixture (e.g., alloys like brass)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"b. Yes, a gas can be heterogeneous (e.g., clouds of dust in air)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"c. Yes, a mixture can be homogeneous (e.g., salt dissolved in water)."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mixtures can be found in all states of matter and can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q4. What distinguishes a (pure) substance from a mixture?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Classification of Matter"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question asks you to explain the fundamental difference between pure substances and mixtures."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Pure Substance:"},{"type":"text","text":" Matter with a fixed composition and distinct properties (elements or compounds)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Mixture:"},{"type":"text","text":" Matter composed of two or more substances physically combined, not in fixed proportions."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Define what a pure substance is and give examples."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Define what a mixture is and give examples."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Explain the key difference in terms of composition and properties."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"A pure substance has a fixed, uniform composition and distinct properties, while a mixture contains two or more substances physically combined, with variable composition and properties that depend on the proportions of its components."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q5. Classify each of the following as a pure substance or a mixture:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"a. Air"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"b. Carbon dioxide"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"c. Copper"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"d. Oxygen"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"e. Copper (II) oxide"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"f. Brass"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Classification of Matter"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to distinguish between pure substances (elements and compounds) and mixtures (homogeneous or heterogeneous)."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Element:"},{"type":"text","text":" Pure substance made of one type of atom."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Compound:"},{"type":"text","text":" Pure substance made of two or more elements chemically combined."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Mixture:"},{"type":"text","text":" Physical combination of two or more substances."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"For each item, determine if it is a single substance (element or compound) or a combination of substances (mixture)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall that air and brass are mixtures, while carbon dioxide, copper, oxygen, and copper(II) oxide are pure substances."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Classify each accordingly."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"a. Air – Mixture"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"b. Carbon dioxide – Pure substance (compound)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"c. Copper – Pure substance (element)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"d. Oxygen – Pure substance (element)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"e. Copper (II) oxide – Pure substance (compound)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"f. Brass – Mixture (alloy)"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mixtures can be homogeneous (like air, brass) or heterogeneous, while pure substances are either elements or compounds."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q6. Complete the following table giving details of the seven fundamental (SI) units and of the most common derived (SI) units:"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: SI Units and Measurement"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your knowledge of the International System of Units (SI), including both fundamental and derived units."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"SI Base Units:"},{"type":"text","text":" The seven fundamental units (meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, candela)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Derived Units:"},{"type":"text","text":" Units formed from combinations of base units (e.g., newton, joule, pascal)."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall the seven SI base units and their physical quantities, unit names, and abbreviations."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"For each derived unit, identify its definition in terms of base units (e.g., 1 newton = 1 kg·m/s2)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fill in the missing information for each row in the table."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Length – meter (m)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mass – kilogram (kg)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Time – second (s)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Electric current – ampere (A)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Temperature – kelvin (K)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Amount of substance – mole (mol)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Luminous intensity – candela (cd)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Volume – cubic meter (m3)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Newton – kg·m/s2"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Joule – kg·m2/s2"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Pascal – kg/(m·s2)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Watt – kg·m2/s3"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Electric potential (volt) – kg·m2/(s3·A)"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Each SI unit has a specific abbreviation and can be defined in terms of the base units."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q7. Complete the following table for decimal fractions or multiples:"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: SI Prefixes"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your knowledge of SI prefixes for decimal multiples and submultiples."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"SI Prefix:"},{"type":"text","text":" A prefix used to denote decimal multiples or submultiples of units (e.g., kilo-, milli-, micro-)."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall the standard SI prefixes and their corresponding powers of ten."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Match each fraction or multiple (e.g., 10−3, 103) to its prefix and symbol."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fill in the missing prefixes and symbols in the table."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"10−3 – milli (m)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"10−12 – pico (p)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"103 – kilo (k)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"femto – 10−15 (f)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"micro – 10−6 (μ)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"mega – 106 (M)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"G – giga – 109"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"SI prefixes are used to express very large or very small quantities conveniently."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q8. Convert the following quantities:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"a. 25.86°C to K"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"b. 415.98 K to °C"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"c. A change in temperature of 15.15°C to a change in temperature in Kelvin"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"d. 25 cm3 to m3"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"e. The density of gold at room temperature which is 19.3 g cm−3, to its density in kg m−3"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Unit Conversions"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to convert between different units of temperature, volume, and density."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Formulas:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Temperature: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"K = ^\\circ C + 273.15"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Temperature: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"^\\circ C = K - 273.15"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Volume: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"1\\ \\text{cm}^3 = 1 \\times 10^{-6}\\ \\text{m}^3"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Density: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"1\\ \\text{g cm}^{-3} = 1000\\ \\text{kg m}^{-3}"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"For each part, identify the initial and target units."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Apply the appropriate conversion formula for temperature, volume, or density."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Set up the calculation, but stop before performing the final arithmetic."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"a. "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"25.86^\\circ C + 273.15 = 299.01\\ K"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"b. "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"415.98\\ K - 273.15 = 142.83^\\circ C"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"c. A change in temperature in Celsius is numerically equal to the change in Kelvin: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"15.15\\ K"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"d. "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"25\\ \\text{cm}^3 \\times 1 \\times 10^{-6} = 2.5 \\times 10^{-5}\\ \\text{m}^3"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"e. "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"19.3\\ \\text{g cm}^{-3} \\times 1000 = 1.93 \\times 10^4\\ \\text{kg m}^{-3}"}}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Always check that your units cancel appropriately in each conversion."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q9. A water sample from Bon Accord Dam in Tshwane has surface area of 315.0 km2 and average depth of 17.0 m was found to contain 77.0 ng cm−3 of Zn. What is the total mass (kg) of Zn in the dam?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Unit Conversions and Mass Calculations"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to convert between units and calculate the total mass of a solute in a large volume of solution."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Formulas:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Volume of dam: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\text{Volume} = \\text{Area} \\times \\text{Depth}"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Concentration: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\text{mass} = \\text{concentration} \\times \\text{volume}"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Unit conversions: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"1\\ \\text{km}^2 = 1 \\times 10^6\\ \\text{m}^2"}},{"type":"text","text":", "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"1\\ \\text{ng} = 1 \\times 10^{-9}\\ \\text{g}"}},{"type":"text","text":", "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"1\\ \\text{cm}^3 = 1 \\times 10^{-6}\\ \\text{m}^3"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Convert the surface area from km2 to m2."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Calculate the total volume of the dam in m3 by multiplying area by depth."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Convert the concentration of Zn from ng/cm3 to kg/m3."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Multiply the concentration (in kg/m3) by the total volume (in m3) to get the total mass in kg."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Set up the final multiplication, but do not compute the final value yet."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Total mass of Zn = 411,000 kg"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"All units were converted appropriately, and the calculation was performed using the correct formula for mass from concentration and volume."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q10. The mass of a body is 10.405 kg, and its speed is 5.486 m s−1. The kinetic energy of the body is given by KE = ½ mv2. Substituting these values into the formula on a calculator yields the answer 156.5754597 J. How should the KE of the body be reported?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Significant Figures"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of how to report calculated values to the correct number of significant figures based on the data provided."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formula:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Significant Figures:"},{"type":"text","text":" The digits in a measurement that are known with certainty plus one estimated digit."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Kinetic Energy Formula:"},{"type":"text","text":" "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"KE = \\frac{1}{2}mv^2"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify the number of significant figures in the mass and speed values."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall the rules for significant figures in multiplication and division: the result should have as many significant figures as the value with the fewest significant figures."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Determine how many significant figures the final answer should have."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Round the calculator result to the correct number of significant figures."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The kinetic energy should be reported as 156.6 J (rounded to four significant figures, matching the least precise measurement)."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Both mass and speed have four significant figures, so the answer is rounded to four significant figures."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q11. Perform the following mathematical operation and express each result to the correct number of significant figures."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"a. "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{4.02 \\times 163.2 \\times (38.602 \\div 1.0443)}{5.65 + 8.987}"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"b. "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{6.879}{10.6846 \\times 100}"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Significant Figures in Calculations"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to apply the rules for significant figures in multi-step calculations involving multiplication, division, addition, and subtraction."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Rules:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"For multiplication/division: The result should have as many significant figures as the value with the fewest significant figures."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"For addition/subtraction: The result should have as many decimal places as the value with the fewest decimal places."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"For each part, perform the operations in the correct order (parentheses, multiplication/division, addition/subtraction)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Track the number of significant figures at each step."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"After calculating, round the final result to the correct number of significant figures."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Set up the calculation, but do not compute the final value yet."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"a. 1,800 (rounded to three significant figures)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"b. 0.00644 (rounded to three significant figures)"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Each result is rounded according to the rules for significant figures in the calculation."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q12. Explain in your own words the difference between accuracy and precision when applied to a set of measurements."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Measurement in Chemistry"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the concepts of accuracy and precision in scientific measurements."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Accuracy:"},{"type":"text","text":" How close a measured value is to the true or accepted value."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Precision:"},{"type":"text","text":" How close repeated measurements are to each other, regardless of their closeness to the true value."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Define accuracy and precision in your own words."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Provide an example to illustrate the difference."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Explain why both are important in scientific measurements."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision refers to how close repeated measurements are to each other. A set of measurements can be precise without being accurate, and vice versa."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q13. Which of the following are pairs of isotopes?"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"a. "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"^2_1H"}},{"type":"text","text":" and "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"^3_1H"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"b. "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"^3_2He"}},{"type":"text","text":" and "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"^4_2He"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"c. "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"^{12}_6C"}},{"type":"text","text":" and "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"^{14}_7N"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"d. "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"^3_1H"}},{"type":"text","text":" and "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"^4_2He"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Isotopes"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of what isotopes are: atoms of the same element (same number of protons) with different numbers of neutrons (different mass numbers)."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Isotope:"},{"type":"text","text":" Atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but different mass numbers."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"For each pair, compare the atomic numbers (number of protons) to see if they are the same element."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"If the atomic numbers are the same but the mass numbers are different, they are isotopes."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify which pairs meet this criterion."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"a. Yes, both are hydrogen isotopes (proton number 1, mass numbers 2 and 3)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"b. Yes, both are helium isotopes (proton number 2, mass numbers 3 and 4)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"c. No, different elements (carbon and nitrogen)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"d. No, different elements (hydrogen and helium)."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Isotopes must have the same atomic number but different mass numbers."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q14. A cation, Y2+, of element Y has 45 nucleons and 19 electrons. What is the mass number and identity of element Y?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Atomic Structure"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to use information about nucleons (protons + neutrons) and electrons to identify an element and its mass number."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Nucleons:"},{"type":"text","text":" Total number of protons and neutrons (mass number, A)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Cation:"},{"type":"text","text":" Positively charged ion (fewer electrons than protons)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"For a Y2+ ion: Number of protons = number of electrons + 2."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Let the number of protons be Z. Since the ion is Y2+, Z = number of electrons + 2."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Given: number of electrons = 19, so Z = 19 + 2."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The mass number (A) is given as 45 (number of nucleons)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Use the periodic table to identify the element with atomic number Z."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mass number = 45; Atomic number = 21 (scandium, Sc)."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The element is scandium, and the isotope is 45Sc."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q15. Complete the table by providing the name/symbol of the following:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mg"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Manganese"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ag"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Gold"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Hg"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Lead"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"P"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Potassium"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fe"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Chemical Elements and Symbols"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your knowledge of the names and symbols of common elements."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Element Symbol:"},{"type":"text","text":" One- or two-letter abbreviation for a chemical element."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Element Name:"},{"type":"text","text":" The full name of the element."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"For each symbol, write the corresponding element name."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"For each name, write the correct chemical symbol."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Use the periodic table to check your answers."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mg – Magnesium"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Manganese – Mn"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ag – Silver"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Gold – Au"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Hg – Mercury"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Lead – Pb"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"P – Phosphorus"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Potassium – K"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fe – Iron"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Element symbols are often derived from their Latin names."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q16. Using the periodic table to guide you, predict the formula and name the compound formed by the following elements:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"a. Al and Cl"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"b. Na and O"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"c. Ga and Br"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"d. Ca and N"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Chemical Formulas and Nomenclature"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to predict the formulas and names of ionic compounds formed between metals and nonmetals."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Concepts:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Metals form cations; nonmetals form anions."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Use the charges of the ions to determine the formula (criss-cross method)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Name the compound as \"metal + nonmetal-ide\" for binary ionic compounds."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Determine the charges of each ion using the periodic table."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Balance the charges to write the correct formula."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Name the compound according to IUPAC rules."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"a. AlCl3 – Aluminum chloride"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"b. Na2O – Sodium oxide"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"c. GaBr3 – Gallium bromide"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"d. Ca3N2 – Calcium nitride"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Formulas are written to balance the charges of the ions."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q17. Give the chemical formula/name of the following:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Chemical Formula: CuO"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Chemical Name: Mercury (II) bromide"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Chemical Formula: NaBrO3"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Chemical Name: Magnesium hypochlorite"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Chemical Formula: Fe2(CO3)3"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Chemical Name: Dinitrogen tetraoxide"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Chemical Formula: P4S6"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Chemical Nomenclature"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to write chemical formulas from names and vice versa, using the rules of nomenclature for ionic and molecular compounds."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Concepts:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"For ionic compounds, use the charges to write the formula."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"For molecular compounds, use prefixes to determine the number of atoms."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"For each formula, write the correct name using nomenclature rules."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"For each name, write the correct formula by identifying the ions or elements and their ratios."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Use the periodic table and nomenclature rules as needed."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"CuO – Copper(II) oxide"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mercury(II) bromide – HgBr2"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"NaBrO3 – Sodium bromate"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Magnesium hypochlorite – Mg(ClO)2"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fe2(CO3)3 – Iron(III) carbonate"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Dinitrogen tetraoxide – N2O4"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"conte