Nomenclature and Chemical Bonding in General Chemistry

Naming Binary Nonmetallic Compounds

Introduction to Binary Nonmetallic Compounds

Binary nonmetallic compounds are composed of two different nonmetal elements. Their systematic naming follows specific rules to indicate the number and identity of each atom present in the molecule.

• The element farther to the left in the periodic table (or lower in the same group) is written first in the formula and named first.

• Prefixes are used to denote the number of atoms of each element present in the compound.

• The ending of the second element is changed to -ide.

• Mono- is not used on the first element listed.

Prefix	Number
Mono-	1
Di-	2
Tri-	3
Tetra-	4
Penta-	5
Hexa-	6
Hepta-	7
Octa-	8
Nona-	9
Deca-	10

• Examples:

  • CO: Carbon Monoxide

  • CO2: Carbon Dioxide

  • P2O5: Diphosphorus Pentoxide

Practice: Naming Ions and Compounds

Example 2.8

Practice naming common ions and compounds using systematic nomenclature.

• S2−: Sulfide ion

• HClO4: Perchloric acid

• CCl4: Carbon tetrachloride

• NaOH: Sodium hydroxide

Nomenclature of Organic Compounds

Introduction to Organic Nomenclature

Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds. Organic compounds have their own system of nomenclature, primarily governed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).

• The simplest organic compounds are alkanes, which contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms with single bonds.

• The root name indicates the number of carbon atoms:

  • Meth-: 1 carbon (e.g., Methane, CH4)

  • Eth-: 2 carbons (e.g., Ethane, C2H6)

  • Prop-: 3 carbons (e.g., Propane, C3H8)

Example structures:

• Methane: CH4

• Ethane: C2H6

• Propane: C3H8

Functional Groups and Derivatives

When a hydrogen atom in an alkane is replaced by a functional group (such as -OH), the compound's name is derived from the parent alkane, and the ending denotes the type of compound.

• Alcohols are formed when an -OH group replaces a hydrogen atom. The name ends in -ol.

  • Methanol: CH3OH

  • Ethanol: C2H5OH

  • 1-Propanol: C3H7OH

• Functional group: An atom or group of atoms that imparts characteristic chemical properties to an organic compound.

Writing and Naming Ionic Compounds

Writing Chemical Formulas from Names

To write the chemical formula for an ionic compound, combine the cation and anion in the simplest ratio that results in a neutral compound.

• Potassium sulfide: K+ and S2− combine to form K2S

• Calcium hydrogencarbonate: Ca2+ and HCO3− combine to form Ca(HCO3)2

• Nickel(II) perchlorate: Ni2+ and ClO4− combine to form Ni(ClO4)2

Naming Compounds from Formulas

• NaClO: Sodium hypochlorite

• (NH4)2CO3: Ammonium carbonate

• Co2(SO4)3: Cobalt(III) sulfate

• Mg(BrO4)2: Magnesium perbromate

Chemical Bonding

Valence Electrons

Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom. They are important because they determine an atom's chemical properties and its ability to bond with other atoms.

• Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full valence shell, leading to greater stability.

Octet Rule

The Octet Rule states that atoms are most stable when they have eight electrons in their valence shell (a full octet). This rule explains the formation of many chemical bonds.

• Atoms will gain or lose electrons to achieve a full valence shell.

• Exceptions:

  • Hydrogen (H) and Helium (He) are stable with only two valence electrons.

  • Transition metals can have multiple cations and may not follow the octet rule strictly.

Groups in the Periodic Table

Common Group Names

Certain columns (groups) in the periodic table are commonly referred to by specific names, reflecting their shared chemical properties.

Group	Name	Elements
1	Alkali Metals	Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
2	Alkaline Earth Metals	Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
16	Chalcogens	O, S, Se, Te, Po
17	Halogens	F, Cl, Br, I, At
18	Noble Gases	He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

Example: Sodium (Na) is an alkali metal, while oxygen (O) is a chalcogen.

Additional info: The above notes expand on the provided slides by including definitions, systematic explanations, and examples for clarity and completeness, as expected in a mini-textbook format.