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Ch. 13 The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes
Martini - Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology 11th Edition
Martini, Nath, Bartholomew11th EditionFundamentals of Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780136874089Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
Tutti i libri di testoMartini, Nath, Bartholomew 11th EditionCh. 13 The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal ReflexesProblema 17
Capitolo 13, Problema 17

List, in sequence, the five steps involved in a neural reflex.

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Identify the first step as the activation of a sensory receptor by a stimulus, which detects a change in the internal or external environment.
Next, describe the sensory neuron transmitting the afferent impulse from the receptor towards the central nervous system (CNS).
Then, explain the integration step where the impulse is processed in the CNS, typically within the spinal cord or brain, involving one or more interneurons.
After integration, outline the motor neuron sending an efferent impulse away from the CNS to an effector organ.
Finally, state the response of the effector (such as a muscle or gland) which carries out the reflex action, completing the reflex arc.

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Neural Reflex

A neural reflex is an automatic, rapid response to a stimulus that involves a specific pathway in the nervous system. It helps protect the body by enabling quick reactions without conscious thought.
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Stretch Reflex

Reflex Arc Components

The reflex arc is the neural pathway that mediates a reflex. It includes five key components: receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, and effector, each playing a role in detecting and responding to stimuli.
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Visceral Reflex Arcs

Sequence of Reflex Steps

The five steps in a neural reflex occur in order: stimulus detection by receptor, signal transmission via sensory neuron, processing in the integration center, motor neuron activation, and response by the effector organ.
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Stretch Reflex
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In which meningeal space is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) found? What are the functions of CSF?

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The contraction of flexor muscles and the relaxation of extensor muscles illustrate the principle of

(a) Reverberating circuitry

(b) Generalized facilitation

(c) Reciprocal inhibition

(d) Reinforcement

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Proceeding deep from the most superficial structure, number the following in the correct sequence:

(a) _____ walls of vertebral canal

(b) _____ dura mater

(c) _____ subdural space

(d) _____ epidural space

(e) _____ pia mater

(f) _____ arachnoid membrane

(g) _____ subarachnoid space

(h) _____ spinal cord

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Reflex arcs in which the sensory stimulus and the motor response occur on the same side of the body are:

(a) Contralateral

(b) Paraesthetic

c) Ipsilateral

(d) Monosynaptic.

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Why do cervical nerves outnumber cervical vertebrae?

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Polysynaptic reflexes can produce far more complicated responses than can monosynaptic reflexes because

(a) The response time is quicker.

(b) The response is initiated by highly sensitive receptors.

(c) Motor neurons carry impulses at a faster rate than do sensory neurons.

(d) The interneurons involved can control several muscle groups.

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