Starting in the spinal cord, trace an action potential through the sympathetic division of the ANS until it reaches a target organ in the abdominopelvic region.

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Begin by identifying the origin of the sympathetic preganglionic neuron in the spinal cord, specifically in the lateral horn of the thoracolumbar region (T1 to L2).

Trace the preganglionic axon as it exits the spinal cord through the ventral root and enters the spinal nerve, then passes into the white ramus communicans to reach the sympathetic trunk (chain) ganglion.

Determine whether the preganglionic neuron synapses in the sympathetic trunk ganglion at the same level, ascends or descends to another ganglion, or passes through without synapsing to reach a prevertebral (collateral) ganglion closer to the target organ in the abdominopelvic region.

If the preganglionic fiber passes through the sympathetic trunk without synapsing, follow it as a splanchnic nerve to a prevertebral ganglion (such as the celiac, superior mesenteric, or inferior mesenteric ganglion), where it synapses with a postganglionic neuron.

Finally, trace the postganglionic neuron from the prevertebral ganglion to the target organ in the abdominopelvic region, where it releases neurotransmitters to elicit the sympathetic response.

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Sympathetic Division of the Autonomic Nervous System

The sympathetic division is part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for the 'fight or flight' response. It originates in the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord and prepares the body for stressful situations by increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and redirecting blood flow to muscles.

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Structure of the Sympathetic Nervous System

Pathway of Sympathetic Preganglionic and Postganglionic Neurons

An action potential starts in the spinal cord's lateral horn, where preganglionic neurons exit via the ventral root and enter the sympathetic chain ganglia. From there, the signal may synapse in the chain or pass through to collateral ganglia before postganglionic neurons carry the impulse to target organs.

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Pathways of Sympathetic Innervation

Innervation of Abdominopelvic Target Organs

Sympathetic fibers reach abdominopelvic organs through splanchnic nerves that synapse in collateral ganglia like the celiac or inferior mesenteric ganglia. Postganglionic fibers then innervate organs such as the stomach, intestines, kidneys, and bladder, modulating functions like digestion and blood flow.

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