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Why do atomic radii decrease from left to right across a period of the periodic table?
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Ch.5 - Periodicity & Electronic Structure of Atoms
McMurry8th EditionChemistryISBN: 9781292336145
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TOC.tableOfContents
- Ch.1 - Chemical Tools: Experimentation & Measurement170
- Ch.2 - Atoms, Molecules & Ions160
- Ch.3 - Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions169
- Ch.4 - Reactions in Aqueous Solution199
- Ch.5 - Periodicity & Electronic Structure of Atoms102
- Ch.6 - Ionic Compounds: Periodic Trends and Bonding Theory92
- Ch.7 - Covalent Bonding and Electron-Dot Structures61
- Ch.8 - Covalent Compounds: Bonding Theories and Molecular Structure59
- Ch.9 - Thermochemistry: Chemical Energy122
- Ch.10 - Gases: Their Properties & Behavior155
- Ch.11 - Liquids & Phase Changes54
- Ch.12 - Solids and Solid-State Materials73
- Ch.13 - Solutions & Their Properties120
- Ch.14 - Chemical Kinetics98
- Ch.15 - Chemical Equilibrium125
- Ch.16 - Aqueous Equilibria: Acids & Bases110
- Ch.17 - Applications of Aqueous Equilibria147
- Ch.18 - Thermodynamics: Entropy, Free Energy & Equilibrium86
- Ch.19 - Electrochemistry154
- Ch.20 - Nuclear Chemistry96
- Ch.21 - Transition Elements and Coordination Chemistry156
- Ch.22 - The Main Group Elements187
- Ch.23 - Organic and Biological Chemistry51
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McMurry 8th EditionCh.5 - Periodicity & Electronic Structure of AtomsProblema 122
McMurry 8th EditionCh.5 - Periodicity & Electronic Structure of AtomsProblema 122Capitolo 5, Problema 122
Why do the Earth and Sun have different emission spectra?
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Understand that emission spectra are produced when atoms or molecules emit light at specific wavelengths as electrons transition between energy levels.
Recognize that the Earth and the Sun are composed of different elements and compounds, which means they have different sets of energy levels and thus emit light at different wavelengths.
Consider that the Sun, being a star, primarily emits light due to nuclear fusion processes in its core, resulting in a continuous spectrum with absorption lines (Fraunhofer lines) due to elements in its outer layers.
Acknowledge that the Earth's emission spectrum is primarily due to the thermal radiation from its surface and atmosphere, which is influenced by its temperature and composition, leading to a different spectrum compared to the Sun.
Note that the Earth's atmosphere also absorbs and emits radiation, further altering the emission spectrum observed from Earth, making it distinct from the Sun's spectrum.
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Emission Spectra
Emission spectra are the range of wavelengths emitted by a substance when it is energized. Each element emits light at characteristic wavelengths, resulting in a unique spectrum. This phenomenon occurs because electrons in atoms absorb energy and move to higher energy levels, then release energy as they return to lower levels, producing light of specific colors.
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01:51
Emission Spectra
Composition of Celestial Bodies
The Earth and Sun have different compositions, which significantly influence their emission spectra. The Sun is primarily composed of hydrogen and helium, while the Earth has a diverse range of elements and compounds, including metals and silicates. This difference in elemental makeup leads to distinct spectral lines and patterns when each body emits light.
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Temperature and Energy Levels
The temperature of an object affects the energy levels of its atoms and, consequently, its emission spectrum. The Sun's surface temperature is around 5,500 degrees Celsius, resulting in a spectrum dominated by high-energy emissions. In contrast, the Earth's lower temperature leads to different energy transitions, producing a spectrum that reflects its cooler, more complex environment.
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Domanda del libro di testo
Orbital energies in single-electron atoms or ions, such as He+, can be described with an equation similar to the Balmer–Rydberg equation:
where Z is the atomic number. What wavelength of light in nanometers is emitted when the electron in He+ falls from n = 3 to n = 2?
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Domanda del libro di testo
Imagine a universe in which the four quantum numbers can have the same possible values as in our universe except that the angular-momentum quantum number l can have integral values of 0, 1, 2...n + 1 (instead of 0, 1, 2..., n - 1). (a) How many elements would be in the first two rows of the periodic table in this universe?
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Domanda del libro di testo
Order the following atoms according to increasing atomic radius: Rb, Cl, As, K.
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Domanda del libro di testo
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate region of electromagnetic
radiation: UV, visible, infrared.
(a) The Sun most strongly emits in the _____ and
regions of electromagnetic radiation
(b) The atmosphere filters out biologically damaging ______
radiation from incoming solar radiation
and prevents it from reaching Earth.
(c) The Earth most strongly emits ______ radiation.
(d) Greenhouse gases absorb _______ radiation.
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Domanda del libro di testo
Imagine a universe in which the four quantum numbers can have the same possible values as in our universe except that the angular-momentum quantum number l can have integral values of 0, 1, 2...n + 1 (instead of 0, 1, 2..., n - 1). (c) Draw an orbital-filling diagram for the element with atomic number 12.
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