Domanda del libro di testo
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is often used in hair sprays to hold hair in place. Draw a few units of the PVP polymer. The vinylpyrrolidone monomer unit has the following structure:
35
views
Ch.13 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds
McMurry8th EditionFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9780134015187
Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testoScegli un libro di testo diverso
TOC.tableOfContents
- Ch.1 Matter and Measurements27
- Ch.2 Atoms and the Periodic Table20
- Ch.3 Ionic Compounds8
- Ch.4 Molecular Compounds23
- Ch.5 Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions12
- Ch.6 Chemical Reactions: Mole and Mass Relationships28
- Ch.7 Chemical Reactions: Energy, Rate and Equilibrium64
- Ch.8 Gases, Liquids and Solids24
- Ch.9 Solutions52
- Ch.10 Acids and Bases25
- Ch.11 Nuclear Chemistry22
- Ch.12 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes57
- Ch.13 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds47
- Ch.14 Some Compounds with Oxygen, Sulfur, or a Halogen50
- Ch.15 Aldehydes and Ketones45
- Ch.16 Amines42
- Ch.17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives57
- Ch.18 Amino Acids and Proteins82
- Ch.19 Enzymes and Vitamins63
- Ch.20 Carbohydrates44
- Ch.21 The Generation of Biochemical Energy65
- Ch.22 Carbohydrate Metabolism45
- Ch.23 Lipids42
- Ch.24 Lipid Metabolism33
- Ch.25 Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism24
- Ch.26 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis45
McMurry8th EditionFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9780134015187Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
Capitolo 13, Problema 65c
For each of the following reagents, decide whether chlorobenzene will react with it or not, and, if it does, draw and name the products expected from the reaction.
c. HNO3 and H2SO4 catalyst
Guida verificata passo dopo passo1
Step 1: Recognize the type of reaction. Chlorobenzene is an aromatic compound, and the combination of HNO3 (nitric acid) and H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) is a common reagent pair used for nitration reactions. Nitration is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction where a nitro group (-NO2) is introduced to the benzene ring.
Step 2: Understand the role of the reagents. H2SO4 acts as a catalyst and protonates HNO3, generating the nitronium ion (NO2⁺), which is the electrophile in this reaction. The reaction mechanism involves the formation of this reactive species.
Step 3: Determine the reactivity of chlorobenzene. The chlorine atom on chlorobenzene is an electron-withdrawing group due to its inductive effect, but it also has a resonance-donating effect. This makes chlorobenzene less reactive than benzene but still capable of undergoing electrophilic aromatic substitution. The resonance effect directs the incoming electrophile to the ortho and para positions relative to the chlorine atom.
Step 4: Predict the products. When chlorobenzene reacts with the nitronium ion, the nitro group (-NO2) will substitute at the ortho and para positions. The major product is typically the para-substituted product due to steric hindrance at the ortho position. The products are 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene (para product) and 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene (ortho product).
Step 5: Name the products. The para product is named 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene, and the ortho product is named 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene. These are the expected products of the nitration of chlorobenzene using HNO3 and H2SO4.
Risposta video verificata per un problema simile:
Questa soluzione video è stata consigliata dai nostri tutor come utile per risolvere questo problema.
Concetti chiave
Ecco i concetti essenziali che devi comprendere per rispondere correttamente alla domanda.
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) is a fundamental reaction mechanism in organic chemistry where an electrophile replaces a hydrogen atom on an aromatic ring. In the case of chlorobenzene, the presence of the chlorine atom, which is a deactivating group, influences the reactivity and orientation of the substitution. Understanding EAS is crucial for predicting how chlorobenzene will react with reagents like nitric acid and sulfuric acid.
Video consigliato:
Percorso guidato
5:07
Naming Alkanes with Substituents Example 1
Nitration of Aromatic Compounds
Nitration is a specific type of electrophilic aromatic substitution where a nitro group (NO2) is introduced into an aromatic compound. This reaction typically requires a mixture of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to generate the nitronium ion (NO2+), the active electrophile. Recognizing the conditions and products of nitration is essential for determining the outcome of chlorobenzene's reaction with these reagents.
Video consigliato:
Percorso guidato
02:11Naming Ionic Compounds
Reactivity of Chlorobenzene
Chlorobenzene is less reactive than other aromatic compounds due to the electron-withdrawing nature of the chlorine atom, which stabilizes the aromatic system and makes it less susceptible to electrophilic attack. This reactivity is important to consider when predicting whether chlorobenzene will react with nitrating agents. Understanding the influence of substituents on aromatic reactivity helps in anticipating the products formed during the reaction.
Video consigliato:
Percorso guidato
01:41Physical Properties Example
Pratica correlata
Domanda del libro di testo
Aromatic compounds do not normally react with hydrogen in the presence of a palladium catalyst but will if very high pressures (200 atm) and high temperatures are used. Under these conditions, toluene adds three molecules of H2 to give an alkane addition product. What is a likely structure for the product?
749
views
Domanda del libro di testo
2,2,3,3-Tetrabromopentane can be prepared by an addition reaction of excess Br2 with an alkyne. Draw the structure of the alkyne and name it.
682
views
Domanda del libro di testo
1-Pentyne reacts with HBr in a 1:1 molar ratio to yield two different addition products, both being bromopentenes and having the chemical formula C5H9Br. Draw the structures of two possible products.
988
views
Domanda del libro di testo
The explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT) is made by carrying out three successive nitration reactions on toluene. If these nitrations only occur in the ortho and para positions relative to the methyl group, what is the structure of TNT?
1234
views
Domanda del libro di testo
The following names are incorrect by IUPAC rules. Draw the structures represented by the following names, and write their correct names. Label each as being symmetrically or unsymmetrically substituted.
a. 2-Methyl-4-hexene
b. 1,3-Dimethyl-1-hexyne
905
views