Name the following pathways:
c. Pathway for synthesis of glucose from lactate

Gluconeogenesis is the metabolic pathway through which organisms synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, such as lactate, glycerol, and certain amino acids. This process is crucial during periods of fasting or intense exercise when glucose levels are low. It primarily occurs in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the kidneys, and involves several key enzymes that facilitate the conversion of pyruvate to glucose.

Lactate is a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism, particularly during intense exercise when oxygen levels are insufficient for aerobic respiration. It is produced from pyruvate through the action of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. Lactate can be transported to the liver, where it can be converted back into glucose via gluconeogenesis, thus playing a significant role in energy metabolism and maintaining blood glucose levels.

The Cori Cycle is a metabolic pathway that describes the process of converting lactate produced in muscles during anaerobic respiration back into glucose in the liver. This cycle helps to recycle lactate, allowing for its utilization as a substrate for gluconeogenesis. It is essential for maintaining energy balance and glucose homeostasis, especially during prolonged exercise or fasting when muscle activity generates excess lactate.