Identify each of the following as catabolic or anabolic:

a. synthesis of lipids from glycerol and fatty acids

Identify each of the following as catabolic or anabolic:

d. digestion of proteins in the stomach

Identify each of the following as catabolic or anabolic:

a. digestion of fats to fatty acids and glycerol

Identify each of the following as catabolic or anabolic:

c. synthesis of nucleic acids from nucleotides

A person bicycles vigorously and uses 510 kcal. How many moles of ATP are used to provide this amount of energy?

A person swims for 0.50 h and uses 250 kcal. How many moles of ATP are used to provide this amount of energy?

What is the purpose of digestion in stage 1?

What is the role of bile salts in lipid digestion?

How are insoluble triacylglycerols transported to the cells?

Where do dietary proteins undergo digestion in the body?

What are the end products of the digestion of proteins?

Identify one or more coenzymes with each of the following components:

a. pantothenic acid

Give the abbreviation for each of the following coenzymes:

a. reduced form of NAD+

What coenzyme picks up hydrogen when a carbon–carbon double bond is formed?

How is ATP used in the initial steps of glycolysis?

How many ATP or NADH are produced (or required) in each of the following steps in glycolysis?

a. glucose to glucose-6-phosphate

How many ATP or NADH are produced (or required) in each of the following steps in glycolysis?

c. phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate

What coenzymes are needed for the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?

How does the formation of lactate permit glycolysis to continue under anaerobic conditions?

What are the products from one turn of the citric acid cycle?

Identify the reaction(s) of the citric acid cycle that involve(s)

a. oxidation and decarboxylation

Identify the reaction(s) of the citric acid cycle that involve(s)

c. hydration

What is the total NADH and total FADH₂ produced in one turn of the citric acid cycle?

Refer to the diagram of the citric acid cycle in Figure 18.13 to answer each of the following:

b. How is the number of carbon atoms decreased?

Refer to the diagram of the citric acid cycle in Figure 18.13 to answer each of the following:

d. What are the decarboxylation reactions?

Refer to the diagram of the citric acid cycle in Figure 18.13 to answer each of the following:

b. What are the four-carbon compounds?

Refer to the diagram of the citric acid cycle in Figure 18.13 to answer each of the following:

d. In which reactions are secondary alcohols oxidized?

What happens to the energy level as electrons are passed along in electron transport?

Where is NADH oxidized in electron transport, and what is its oxidized form?

How is the H⁺ gradient established?