What is the cellular morphology of Borrelia burgdorferi?

A surgeon treats a patient with Gastroenteritis, fails to change gloves and then, while asymptomatic themself, prepares food for a family event and several family members become ill. Which carrier type best describes the surgeon?

Design a multifaceted intervention to reduce Lyme disease incidence in a suburban community that synthesizes reservoir and vector control approaches. Which combination of measures is most comprehensive and evidence-based?

Which of the following lists common portals of exit and common portals of entry for respiratory pathogens?

Baseline secondary attack rate in a household for a novel respiratory virus is estimated at 20%. Two independent interventions are available: Intervention A (source masking) reduces transmission probability per contact by 40%; Intervention B (hand hygiene + surface disinfection) reduces fomite-mediated transmission by 50%. Assuming these reductions apply independently to distinct fractions of transmission and that the combined effect on overall per-contact transmission probability can be approximated by multiplicative reduction, what is the new overall secondary attack rate if both interventions are implemented and affect independent portions of exposure?

You are advising a resource-limited clinic during an influenza season. With funds for only one major intervention, you can either (A) provide masks to ill patients (source control), (B) install improved HEPA filtration in waiting rooms (environmental transmission interruption), or (C) offer antiviral prophylaxis to all staff (prevent colonization). Which option should you recommend and why?

A hospital reports 80 MRSA infections in a year. The catchment population is estimated 40,000. Express this as infections per 10,000 population.

Which sentence correctly describes the difference between incidence and prevalence?

You are given a graph showing weekly counts: Weeks 1–8: 2–4 cases per week (stable baseline); Weeks 9–10: a spike to 40 cases in one city; Weeks 11–18: citywide and neighboring regions show rising counts to 600 weekly. What analytic steps would you take to determine whether the Week 9–10 spike was the origin of the later epidemic, and which conclusion is most plausible?